ArticleJournal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer2015
Hormone Use, Reproductive History, and Risk of Lung Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Studies.
Article in Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Lung cancer incidence and mortality in relationship to hormone replacement therapy use among women participating in the PLCO trial: a post hoc analysis.International journal of clinical oncology · 2020Trial
- LDCT screening for lung cancer in East Asian never-smokers: balancing benefits and overdiagnosis-related harms.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Review
- Effect Modification by Cofactors in the Impact of Body Mass Index Change on the Risk of Lung Cancer.Cancer science · 2026Article
- Lung cancer in non-smoking women (LCINSW): from risk factors to precision therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Global Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer in Adults Over 55 Years Old Based on Socio demographic Status and Geographical and Gender Differences from 2010-2021.Thoracic research and practice · 2025Article
- Summary of the 2023 Thai Menopause Society Clinical Practice Guideline on Menopausal Hormone Therapy.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2024Review
- Reproductive factors and risk of lung cancer among 300,000 Chinese female never-smokers: evidence from the China Kadoorie Biobank study.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Lung cancer in females-sex-based differences from males in epidemiology, biology, and outcomes: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Review
- Age at Menarche, age at Natural Menopause, and Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- Temporal trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer between 2010 and 2019, in Asian countries by geographical region and sociodemographic index, comparison with global data.Thoracic cancer · 2023Article
- The Causal Effect of Reproductive Factors on Breast Cancer: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Reproductive Factors in Relation to Incidence of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a Cohort of Norwegian Women: The HUNT Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2022Article
- Trends and predictions of lung cancer incidence in Jiangsu Province, China, 2009-2030: a bayesian age-period-cohort modelling study.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Phytoestrogens and lung cancer risk: a nested case-control study in never-smoking Chinese women.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- The association between different hormone replacement therapy use and the incidence of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2022Article
- Incidence of Lung Cancer Among Never-Smoking Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Females.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionResults from the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials demonstrated no increase in the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women treated with hormone therapy (HT). We conducted a joint analysis of the Women's Health Initiative observational study data and clinical trials data to further explore the association between estrogen and estrogen-related reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.
methodsReproductive history, oral contraceptive use, and postmenopausal HT were evaluated in 160,855 women with known HT exposures. Follow-up for lung cancer was through September 17, 2012; 2467 incident lung cancer cases were ascertained, with median follow-up of 14 years.
resultsFor all lung cancers, women with previous use of estrogen plus progestin of less than 5 years (hazard ratio = 0.84; 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.99) were at reduced risk. A limited number of reproductive factors demonstrated associations with risk. There was a trend toward decreased risk with increasing age at menopause (ptrend = 0.04) and a trend toward increased risk with increasing number of live births (ptrend = 0.03). Reduced risk of non-small-cell lung cancer was associated with age 20-29 years at first live birth. Risk estimates varied with smoking history, years of HT use and previous bilateral oophorectomy.
conclusionsIndirect measures of estrogen exposure to lung tissue, as used in this study, provide only weak evidence for an association between reproductive history or HT use and risk of lung cancer. More detailed mechanistic studies and evaluation of risk factors in conjunction with estrogen receptor expression in the lung should continue as a role for estrogen cannot be ruled out and may hold potential for prevention and treatment strategies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.