ReviewNature reviews. Urology2015
Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models.
Review in Nature reviews. Urology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of animal models for urethral stricture: a systematic review.BMC urology · 2026Pooled it
- The potential mechanisms underlying phthalate-induced hypospadias: a systematic review of rodent model studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical Course of Severe Perineal Hypospadias with Cryptorchid Testicular Tumors in a Dog: Contextual Reference to Developmental and Endocrine Transcriptomic Pathways.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- A novel vascularized urethra-on-a-chip model.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Highlighting best practices to advance next-generation risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients.NAM journal · 2025Article
- Standardizing urethral stricture models in rats: a comprehensive study on histomorphologic and molecular approach.International urology and nephrology · 2024Article
- The association and underlying mechanism of the digit ratio (2D:4D) in hypospadias.Asian journal of andrology · 2024Article
- Surgical management of primary severe hypospadias in children: an update focusing on penile curvature.Nature reviews. Urology · 2022Review
- Modeling development of genitourinary birth defects to understand disruption due to changes in gene dosage.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2022Review
- Application of a free preputial tube graft coupled with urethral plate urethroplasty combined with a Buck's fascia integral covering for the single-stage repair of severe hypospadias.Frontiers in surgery · 2022Article
- Article
- One Tool for Many Jobs: Divergent and Conserved Actions of Androgen Signaling in Male Internal Reproductive Tract and External Genitalia.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Increased hypospadias risk byAging · 2021Article
- Patterns of co-occurring birth defects among infants with hypospadias.Journal of pediatric urology · 2021Article
- Endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive disorders in women, men, and animal models.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021Article
- Dysregulated expression of androgen metabolism genes and genetic analysis in hypospadias.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2020Article
- The current state of tissue engineering in the management of hypospadias.Nature reviews. Urology · 2020Review
- Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2020Article
- Increased hand digit length ratio (2D:4D) is associated with increased severity of hypospadias in pre-pubertal boys.Pediatric surgery international · 2020Article
- Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models.Research and reports in urology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the penile urethra with an incidence of approximately 1:200-1:300 male births, which has doubled over the past three decades. The aetiology of the overwhelming majority of hypospadias remains unknown but appears to be a combination of genetic susceptibility and prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors. Reliable animal models of hypospadias are required for better understanding of the mechanisms of normal penile urethral formation and hence hypospadias. Mice and/or rats are generally used for experimental modelling of hypospadias, however these do not fully reflect the human condition. To use these models successfully, researchers must understand the similarities and differences between mouse, rat and human penile anatomy as well as the normal morphogenetic mechanisms of penile development in these species. Despite some important differences, numerous features of animal and human hypospadias are shared: the prevalence of distal penile malformations; disruption of the urethral meatus; disruption of urethra-associated erectile bodies; and a common mechanism of impaired epithelial fusion events. Rat and mouse models of hypospadias are crucial to our understanding of hypospadias to ultimately reduce its incidence through better preventive strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.