ArticleOncotarget2015
Transforming growth factor-β pathway activity in glioblastoma.
Article in Oncotarget, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- RNA Expression Signatures in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review of Tumour Biology and Therapeutic Targets.Oncology research · 2025Pooled it
- mRNA markers for survival prediction in glioblastoma multiforme patients: a systematic review with bioinformatic analyses.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Fused inverse-normal method for integrated differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data.BMC bioinformatics · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Biomarker and Histopathology Evaluation of Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Galunisertib, Lomustine, or the Combination of Galunisertib and Lomustine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Potent antitumor activity through dual targeting of PD-L1 and TGF-β pathways in the glioma tumor microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- TGF-β in tumor development and progression: mechanisms and therapeutics.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Autologous profiling reveals inter-patient heterogeneity in Vδ2Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicle microRNA cargoes: candidates for diagnosis and targeted therapy of cutaneous wound healing.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Collagen type I alpha 1 induces radio-resistance in hypoxic glioblastoma cells by promoting autophagy.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Multi-omics profiling of TGF-β isoforms and regulatory miRNAs in astrocytic tumors reveals TGF-β-3 as a prognostic biomarker.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Armored bicistronic CAR T cells with dominant-negative TGF-β receptor II to overcome resistance in glioblastoma.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Article
- Role of Non-Coding RNAs in TGF-β Signalling in Glioma.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- The Importance of M1-and M2-Polarized Macrophages in Glioma and as Potential Treatment Targets.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Immunological and tumor-intrinsic mechanisms mediate the synergistic growth suppression of experimental glioblastoma by radiotherapy and MET inhibition.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- Article
- The "Superoncogene" Myc at the Crossroad between Metabolism and Gene Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a central molecule maintaining the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma. Anti-TGF-β strategies are currently being explored in early clinical trials. Yet, there is little contemporary data on the differential expression of TGF-β isoforms at the mRNA and protein level or TGF-β/Smad pathway activity in glioblastomas in vivo.Here we studied 64 newly diagnosed and 16 recurrent glioblastomas for the expression of TGF-β1-3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 mRNA by RT-PCR and for the levels of TGF-β1-3 protein, phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2), pSmad1/5/8 and PAI-1 by immunohistochemistry.Among the TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 mRNA was the most, whereas TGF-β3 mRNA was the least abundant. TGF-β1-3 mRNA expression was strongly correlated, as was the expression of TGF-β1-3 mRNA, and of the TGF-β1-3 target genes, PDGF-B and PAI-1. TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 protein levels correlated well, whereas the comparison of the other TGF-βisoforms did not. Positive correlation was also observed between TGF-β1 and pSmad1/5/8 and between pSmad2 and pSmad1/5/8. Survival analyses indicated that a group of patients with high expression levels of TGF-β2 mRNA or pSmad1/5/8 protein have inferior outcome.We thus provide potential biomarkers for patient stratification in clinical trials of anti-TGF-β therapies in glioblastoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.