ArticleJournal of proteomics2015
Protein composition of the outermost exosporium-like layer of Clostridium difficile 630 spores.
Article in Journal of proteomics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinctive spore architecture and developmental biology ofJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Coupling Far-Western Blotting with Peptide Microarrays Reveals Novel E-Cadherin Spore-Surface Ligands inJournal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Development and Evaluation of Exosporium-Anchored Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Reporters for TrackingACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Structure of core assembly of the Clostridioides difficile germinosome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Phylogenomic analysis of the collagen-like BclA proteins inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Biofilm- and Spore-Disruptive Star-Shaped Poly(l-lysine)/Hyaluronic Acid Microgels for Targeted Oral Therapy ofBiomacromolecules · 2026Article
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- AgainstToxins · 2025Review
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- Helical ultrastructure of the L-ENA spore aggregation factor of a Bacillus paranthracis foodborne outbreak strain.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles.Communications biology · 2024Article
- The small acid-soluble proteins of spore-forming organisms: similarities and differences in function.Anaerobe · 2024Review
- Clostridioides difficile Sporulation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Mucosal Vaccination Strategies againstVaccines · 2023Review
- Non-Toxin-BasedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Redistribution of the Novel Clostridioides difficile Spore Adherence Receptor E-Cadherin by TcdA and TcdB Increases Spore Binding to Adherens Junctions.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- Survival of Clostridioides difficile spores in thermal and chemo-thermal laundering processes and influence of the exosporium on their adherence to cotton bed sheets.Letters in applied microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Role of the Spore Coat ProteinsMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Imaging Clostridioides difficile Spore Germination and Germination Proteins.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile spores are considered the morphotype of infection, transmission and persistence of C. difficile infections. There is a lack of information on the composition of the outermost exosporium layer of C. difficile spores. Using recently developed exosporium removal methods combined with MS/MS, we have established a gel-free approach to analyze the proteome of the exosporium of C. difficile spores of strain 630. A total of 184 proteins were found in the exosporium layer of C. difficile spores. We identified 7 characterized spore coat and/or exosporium proteins; 6 proteins likely to be involved in spore resistance; 6 proteins possibly involved in pathogenicity; 13 uncharacterized proteins; and 146 cytosolic proteins that might have been encased into the exosporium during assembly, similarly as reported for Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus spores. We demonstrate through Flag-fusions that CotA and CotB are mainly located in the spore coat, while the exosporium collagen-like glycoproteins (i.e. BclA1, BclA2 and BclA3), the exosporium morphogenetic proteins CdeC and CdeM, and the uncharacterized exosporium proteins CdeA and CdeB are mainly located in the exosporium layer of C. difficile 630 spores. This study offers novel candidates of C. difficile exosporium proteins as suitable targets for detection, removal and spore-based therapies. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study offers a novel strategy to identify proteins of the exosporium layer of C. difficile spores and complements previous proteomic studies on the entire C. difficile spores and spore coat since it defines the proteome of the outermost layer of C. difficile spores, the exosporium. This study suggests that C. difficile spores have several proteins involved in protection against environmental stress as well as putative virulence factors that might play a role during infection. Spore exosporium structural proteins were also identified providing the ground basis for further functional studies of these proteins. Overall this work provides new protein target for the diagnosis and/or therapeutics that may contribute to combat C. difficile infections.
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