Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25848235›Full record

Trial reportClinical interventions in aging2015

Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial.

Leandro Ferreira, Kátia Tanaka, Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz, José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Clinical interventions in aging, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07329049 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Cognitive Functions, Cerebral Oxygenation, and Neurotrophic Factor Level in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

TypeinterventionalSponsorIstinye UniversityRan2026 to 2027Enrolled42ConditionsObstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)Armsinspiratory muscle training, Placebo inspiratory muscle training, Usual Care
NCT07620249 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effects of Combined Thoracic Expansion Exercises and Slow Diaphragmatic Breathing on Cognitive Function, Brain Activation, Psychological Status, and Head-Shoulder Posture in Healthy Adults

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Taiwan University Clinical Trial CenterRan2026 to 2027Enrolled60ConditionsDiaphragm PacingArmsthoracic expansion exercises and slow diaphragmatic breathing, Sham Block
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

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  7. Review
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  12. Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review.European review of aging and physical activity : official journal of the European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity · 2021
    Review
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  16. Memory Resilience to Alzheimer's Genetic Risk: Sex Effects in Predictor Profiles.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2017
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Leandro FerreiraDepartment of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Kátia TanakaDepartment of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Ruth Ferreira Santos-GaldurózCenter of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São André, SP, Brazil ; Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
José Carlos Fernandes GaldurózDepartment of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Universidade Federal de São Paulo · BRUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) · BR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInadequate oxygenation may cause lesions and brain atrophy during aging. Studies show a positive association between pulmonary function and the cognitive performance of individuals from middle age on.

objectiveTo investigate the effect of aerobic physical exercises and respiratory training on the blood oxygenation, pulmonary functions, and cognition of the elderly.

designThis was a randomized and controlled trial with three parallel groups. A total of 195 community-dwelling elderly were assessed for eligibility; only n=102 were included and allocated into the three groups, but after 6 months, n=68 were analyzed in the final sample. Participants were randomized into a social interaction group (the control group), an aerobic exercise group (the "walking" group), or a respiratory training group (the "breathing" group). The main outcome measures were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respiratory muscular strength, cirtometry (thoracic-abdominal circumference); oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SpO2), and hemogram.

resultsNo differences were observed for any of the blood parameters. Aerobic exercise and respiratory training were effective in improving the pulmonary parameters. Better cognitive performance was observed for the breathing group as regards abstraction and mental flexibility. The walking group remained stable in the cognitive performance of most of the tests, except attention. The control group presented worst performance in mental manipulation of information, abstraction, mental flexibility, and attention.

conclusionOur results showed that both the walking and breathing groups presented improvement of pulmonary function. However, only the breathing group showed improved cognitive function (abstraction, mental flexibility). The improvement in cognitive functions cannot be explained by blood parameters, such as SpO2, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

Indexed as

AgedBreathing ExercisesCognition DisordersExerciseFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMuscle StrengthNeuropsychological TestsOxygenRespiratory MusclesOxygenbreathing exercisescognitionexercise

Identifiers

PMID25848235
PMCPMC4374650
OpenAlexW2042110895

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.