ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2015
Nanoparticle Estrogen in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Elicits Rapid Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Tissue.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polydatin for treating spinal cord injury: Multiple mechanisms and challenges.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Tibolone Improves Motor Recovery and Regulates Neuroinflammation and Gliosis in a Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation: targeting microglia for neuroprotection and repair after spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Induction of Neural Differentiation and Protection by a Novel Slow-Release Nanoparticle Estrogen Construct in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic?Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Neuroprotection or Sex Bias: A Protective Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Females.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- The NF-κB Pathway: a Focus on Inflammatory Responses in Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Current Status of Polysaccharides-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Nervous Tissue Injuries Repair.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Effects of 17-β-estradiol released from shape-memory terpolymer rods on sciatic nerve regeneration after injury and repair with chitosan nerve conduit in female rats.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2022Article
- Estradiol and Estrogen-like Alternative Therapies in Use: The Importance of the Selective and Non-Classical Actions.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Immune response following traumatic spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Review
- Protective Effects of Estrogen via Nanoparticle Delivery to Attenuate Myelin Loss and Neuronal Death after Spinal Cord Injury.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Acute Dose-Dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Poly(pro-17β-estradiol) in a Mouse Model of Spinal Contusion Injury.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2021Article
- Hydrogel-based local drug delivery strategies for spinal cord repair.Neural regeneration research · 2021Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Estrogen Delivery to Spinal Cord Injury Site Reduces Local Parenchymal Destruction and Improves Functional Recovery.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Article
- Time-to-treatment window and cross-sex potential of βToxicology and applied pharmacology · 2021Article
- The Pathogenesis of Neurotrauma Indicates Targets for Neuroprotective Therapies.Current neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Modalities Associated with Skeletal Muscle Loss Following Spinal Cord Injury.Brain sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are in need of effective therapeutics. Estrogen (E2), as a steroid hormone, is a highly pleiotropic agent; with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neurotrophic properties, it is ideal for use in treatment of patients with SCI. Safety concerns around the use of high doses of E2 have limited clinical application, however. To address these concerns, low doses of E2 (25 μg and 2.5 μg) were focally delivered to the injured spinal cord using nanoparticles. A per-acute model (6 h after injury) was used to assess nanoparticle release of E2 into damaged spinal cord tissue; in addition, E2 was evaluated as a rapid anti-inflammatory. To assess inflammation, 27-plex cytokine/chemokine arrays were conducted in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and spinal cord tissue. A particular focus was placed on IL-6, GRO-KC, and MCP-1 as these have been identified from CSF in human studies as potential biomarkers in SCI. S100β, an additional proposed biomarker, was also assessed in spinal cord tissue only. Tissue concentrations of E2 were double those found in the plasma, indicating focal release. E2 showed rapid anti-inflammatory effects, significantly reducing interleukin (IL)-6, GRO-KC, MCP-1, and S100β in one or all compartments. Numerous additional targets of rapid E2 modulation were identified including: leptin, MIP-1α, IL-4, IL-2, IL-10, IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor-α, etc. These data further elucidate the rapid anti-inflammatory effects E2 exerts in an acute rat SCI model, have identified additional targets of estrogen efficacy, and suggest nanoparticle delivered estrogen may provide a safe and efficacious treatment option in persons with acute SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.