ReviewNeurology2015
Challenges and opportunities in designing clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica-Ethical and design considerations.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2016Trial
- Analysis of the initial orbital MRI in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive optic neuritis (AQP4-ON): lesion location and lesion length can be predictive of visual prognosis.Neuroradiology · 2024Article
- Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management.Journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Optic neuritis after ocular trauma in anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- An Experimental Model of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder-Optic Neuritis: Insights Into Disease Mechanisms.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Progressive patterns of neurological disability in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Emerging therapeutic targets for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2020Review
- Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome Can Complicate Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Article
- Outcome prediction models in AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2019Article
- Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: potential advantages for individualized monitoring of progression and therapy.The EPMA journal · 2018Review
- [Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders].Der Nervenarzt · 2017Review
- Rituximab in the treatment of Neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre Italian observational study.Journal of neurology · 2016Observational
- Immunologic profiles of multiple sclerosis treatments reveal shared early B cell alterations.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2016Article
- Present and Future Therapies in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Brian G WeinshenkerFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Gerard BarronFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Jacinta M BehneFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Jeffery L BennettFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Peter S ChinFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Bruce A C CreeFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Jerome de SezeFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Armando FlorFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Kazuo FujiharaFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Benjamin GreenbergFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Sayumi HigashiFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
William HoltFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Omar KhanFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Volker KnappertzFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Michael LevyFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Angela T MeliaFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Jacqueline PalaceFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Terry J SmithFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Maria Pia SormaniFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Katja Van HerleFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Susan VanMeterFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Pablo VillosladaFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Marc K WaltonFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Warren WasiewskiFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Dean M WingerchukFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Michael R YeamanFrom the Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; MedImmune Ltd. (G.B., A.F.), Riverside Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; Guthy-Jackson Foundation (J.M.B., K.V.H.), San Diego, CA; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (P.S.C.), East Hanover, NJ; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), University of California San Francisco; CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) INSERM and UMR 1119 (J.d.S.), INSERM, Federation de Medecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (B.G.), University of Texas Southwestern; Chugai Pharma USA (S.H., A.T.M.), Berkeley Heights, NJ; PPD Inc. (W.H.), Wilmington, NC; Department of Neurology (O.K.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Teva Pharmaceuticals (V.K.), Frazer, PA; Department of Neurology (V.K.), Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Oxford University Hospital Trust, UK; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (T.J.S.), Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Department of Health Science (M.P.S.), University of Genoa, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (K.V.H.), Los Angeles, CA; GlaxoSmithKline (S.V.), Research Triangle Park, NC; Center of Neuroimmunology (P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel, Spain; United States Food and Drug Administration (M.K.W.), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (W.W.), Cheshire, CT; Department of Neurology (D.M.W.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Medicine (M.R.Y.), Divisions of M
Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation International Clinical Consortium
Chugai Pharma (United States) · USGlaxoSmithKline (Netherlands) · NLPharmaceutical Product Development (India) · INTohoku University · JPUnited States Food and Drug Administration · US
Funding
Humoral Immunity, Astrocyte Injury, and Demyelination in Neuromyelitis OpticaR01EY022936 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI BENNETT, JEFFREY L · 2013 to 2022
$3.8Mimmunopathogenesis of NMO-IgG and AQP4-specific T cells in neuromyelitis opticaK08NS078555 · NINDS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI LEVY, MICHAEL · 2013 to 2017
$965kNEI NIH HHS R01 EY022936NINDS NIH HHS K08 NS078555
Abstract
Current management of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is noncurative and only partially effective. Immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents are the mainstays of maintenance treatment. Safer, better-tolerated, and proven effective treatments are needed. The perceived rarity of NMO has impeded clinical trials for this disease. However, a diagnostic biomarker and recognition of a wider spectrum of NMO presentations has expanded the patient population from which study candidates might be recruited. Emerging insights into the pathogenesis of NMO have provided rationale for exploring new therapeutic targets. Academic, pharmaceutical, and regulatory communities are increasingly interested in meeting the unmet needs of patients with NMO. Clinical trials powered to yield unambiguous outcomes and designed to facilitate rapid evaluation of an expanding pipeline of experimental agents are needed. NMO-related disability occurs incrementally as a result of attacks; thus, limiting attack frequency and severity are critical treatment goals. Yet, the severity of NMO and perception that currently available agents are effective pose challenges to study design. We propose strategies for NMO clinical trials to evaluate agents targeting recovery from acute attacks and prevention of relapses, the 2 primary goals of NMO treatment. Aligning the interests of all stakeholders is an essential step to this end.
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Clinical Trials as TopicHumansNeuromyelitis OpticaResearch Design
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