Observational studyJournal of women's health (2002)2015
Positive Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and the Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in IUD Users.
Observational study in Journal of women's health (2002), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2024.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2024Guideline
- Intrauterine Devices and Sexually Transmitted Infection among Older Adolescents and Young Adults in a Cluster Randomized Trial.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2021Trial
- Laparoscopic management of an intramurally migrated intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) without serosal perforation: a case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
- Bayesian Spatial Conditional Logistic Regression Modelling of Overweight/Obesity Prevalence and Determinants Among Women in Ghana, Accounting for Contraceptive Use.Global health, epidemiology and genomics · 2026Article
- Risk factors of uterine perforation when using contraceptive intrauterine devices.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Missed Diagnosis of Perforation and Intraperitoneal Migration of an Intrauterine Device and Its Management in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Case Report.International medical case reports journal · 2024Article
- Article
- Successful Provision of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception in a Sexual Health Clinic.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2022Article
- DisseminatedInfectious diseases in clinical practice (Baltimore, Md.) · 2020Article
- Culture- and PCR-based detection of BV associated microbiological profile of the removed IUDs and correlation with the time period of IUD in place and the presence of the symptoms of genital tract infection.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2018Article
- The use of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Latin America and the Caribbean: current landscape and recommendations.Human reproduction open · 2018Article
- Pyosalpinges after hysterosalpingography in a patient with lower genital tract infection and managed by laparoscopic surgery in a resource low tertiary hospital case report and literature review.Fertility research and practice · 2018Article
- Frequency and genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico and correlation with sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors.BMC women's health · 2017Article
- Long-Acting Reversible Contraception.The New England journal of medicine · 2017Review
- The safety of intrauterine contraception initiation among women with current asymptomatic cervical infections or at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections.Contraception · 2016Review
- New developments in long-acting reversible contraception: the promise of intrauterine devices and implants to improve family planning services.Fertility and sterility · 2016Review
- Eliminating health disparities in unintended pregnancy with long-acting reversible contraception (LARC).American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2016Review
- Risk-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prior to intrauterine device insertion.Contraception · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUnintended pregnancies are a major public health problem in the United States, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) are among the most effective reversible birth control methods available. Historically, there have been concerns about IUD use and infection among young and/or high-risk women that may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and subsequent infertility.
methodsThe Contraceptive CHOICE Project (CHOICE) was a prospective cohort study of over 9,000 women 14-45 years of age residing in the St. Louis area who were interested in initiating a new form of reversible contraception. At enrollment, participants were counseled regarding long-acting contraceptive methods with the goal of increasing awareness of all reversible methods available. Participants were also tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) during enrollment and were provided with contraception at no cost for 2-3 years.
resultsWe estimate the frequency of self-reported PID in new IUD users compared with women using other contraceptive methods. Among both new IUD users who tested positive for GC and/or CT and those who tested negative, the PID rate was 1% or below.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate that IUD use is safe for all women, including women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.