Observational studyNutrients2015
Target fortification of breast milk: how often should milk analysis be done?
Observational study in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Individualized Fortification of Breast Milk for Preterm Infants - A Pilot Study
Target Fortification of Breast Milk: The Effect of Different Schedules for Milk Analysis on the Growth and Development of Preterm Infants.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individualized Target Fortification of Breast Milk with Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat for Preterm Infants: Effect on Neurodevelopment.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Adjusted versus Targeted Fortification in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: Fortin Study-A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Nordic study on human milk fortification in extremely preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial-the N-forte trial.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Optimizing individual nutrition in preterm very low birth weight infants: double-blinded randomized controlled trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Enhanced fortification of human milk to meet preterm infant nutritional targets.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Article
- Narrative review of methodological advances in human milk fortification: for better preterm infant growth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- The Influence of Oligosaccharides when Measuring Lactose and Total Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Comparison of Methods.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
- Associations of Macronutrient Intake Determined by Point-of-Care Human Milk Analysis with Brain Development among very Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome.Pediatric research · 2022Review
- Using Nature to Nurture: Breast Milk Analysis and Fortification to Improve Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Human milk bank and personalized nutrition in the NICU: a narrative review.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Review
- Customized Human Milk Fortification Based on Measured Human Milk Composition to Improve the Quality of Growth in Very Preterm Infants: A Mixed-Cohort Study Protocol.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Individualized Target Fortification of Breast Milk: Optimizing Macronutrient Content Using Different Fortifiers and Approaches.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Nutrition Support Team Guide to Maternal Diet for the Human-Milk-Fed Infant.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2018Article
- The fortification method relying on assumed human milk composition overestimates the actual energy and macronutrient intakes in very preterm infants.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Target fortification (TFO) reduces natural macronutrient variation in breast milk (BM). Daily BM analysis for TFO increases neonatal intensive care unit work load by 10-15 min/patient/day and may not be feasible in all nurseries. The variation of macronutrient intake when BM analysis is done for various schedules was studied. In an observational study, we analyzed 21 subsequent samples of native 24-h BM batches, which had been prepared for 10 healthy infants (gestational age 26.1 ± 1.3 weeks, birth weight: 890 ± 210 g). Levels of protein and fat (validated near-infrared milk analyzer), as well as lactose (UPLC-MS/MS) generated the database for modelling TFO to meet recommendations of European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Intake of macronutrients and energy were calculated for different schedules of BM measurements for TFO (n = 1/week; n = 2/week; n = 3/week; n = 5/week; n = 7/week) and compared to native and fixed dose fortified BM. Day-to-day variation of macronutrients (protein 20%, carbohydrate 13%, fat 17%, energy 10%) decreased as the frequency of milk analysis increased and was almost zero for protein and carbohydrate with daily measurements. Measurements two/week led to mean macronutrient intake within a range of ± 5% of targeted levels. A reduced schedule for macronutrient measurement may increase the practical use of TFO. To what extent the day-to-day variation affects growth while mean intake is stable needs to be studied.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.