ReviewJournal of immunology research2015
The story of CD4+ CD28- T cells revisited: solved or still ongoing?
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 52 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Traditional Thai Massage Promoted Immunity in the Elderly via Attenuation of Senescent CD4+ T Cell Subsets: A Randomized Crossover Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Platinum accumulation in chemotherapy: toxicity mechanisms, challenges, and mitigation strategies.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2026Review
- β1 Autoantibodies Stimulate T Cells to Become Cardiotoxic.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Cytomegalovirus Drives the Development of Cytotoxic CD4Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Potential crosstalk between ferroptosis and immunosenescence in osteoarthritis: evidence integration and translational insights from the osteoimmune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- HIV-1 derived oligonucleotides induce a type I IFN/STING dependent immune suppression reversible by targeting IFNARI.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease in relation to cytomegalovirus infection: a pilot cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Biological aging of different blood cell types.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy from a clinical perspective.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Review
- Changes in natural killer and T lymphocyte phenotypes in response to cardiovascular risk management.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Coordinated Priming of NKG2D Pathway by IL-15 Enhanced Functional Properties of Cytotoxic CD4Inflammation · 2023Article
- TCF-1 regulates NKG2D expression on CD8 T cells during anti-tumor responses.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2023Article
- Immune Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Review
- Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and leukocyte telomere length: A Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- T cell cholesterol efflux suppresses apoptosis and senescence and increases atherosclerosis in middle aged mice.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- Senescent CD4International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis with focus on cellular populations.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells are a unique type of proinflammatory T cells characterised by blockade of costimulatory CD28 receptor expression at the transcriptional level, which is still reversible by IL-12. In healthy individuals older than 65 years, these cells may accumulate to up to 50% of total CD4(+) T lymphocytes as in many immune-mediated diseases, immunodeficiency, and specific infectious diseases. Here we focus on CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells in chronic immune-mediated diseases, summarizing various phenotypic and functional characteristics, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disease activity, and concurrent treatment. CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells present as effector/memory cells with increased replicative history and oligoclonality but reduced apoptosis. As an alternative costimulatory signal instead of CD28, not only natural killer cell receptors and Toll-like receptors, but also CD47, CTLA-4, OX40, and 4-1BB have to be considered. The proinflammatory and cytotoxic capacities of these cells indicate an involvement in progression and maintenance of chronic immune-mediated disease. So far it has been shown that treatment with TNF-α blockers, abatacept, statins, and polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins (ATG) mediates reduction of the CD4(+)CD28(-) T cell level. The clinical relevance of targeting CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells as a therapeutic option has not been examined so far.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.