ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2015
Urine excretion of caffeine and select caffeine metabolites is common in the U.S. population and associated with caffeine intake.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tea and coffee consumption and pathophysiology related to kidney stone formation: a systematic review.World journal of urology · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of different caffeine doses on fat oxidation and cardiovascular response during exercise at FATmax in overweight/obese female college students.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Trial
- Assessing and refining a metabolite-based distress score for use in different populations within three US cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Systematic evaluation and comparison of theCurrent research in food science · 2026Article
- Faecal metabolites as a readout of habitual diet capture dietary interactions with the gut microbiome.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Association between dietary intake and urinary concentrations of caffeine and caffeine metabolites and elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among men at risk for prostate cancer.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Association between coffee and caffeine consumption and chronic kidney disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Urinary Caffeine Levels in Chinese Children: Insights from Diet, Gender, and Regional Variations.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetes: NHANES 2009-2014.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Principal Components Analysis of Spot Urine Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolites Identifies Promising Exposure Biomarkers of Caffeine and Theobromine Intake in a Cross-Sectional Survey of the United States Population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014).Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- A roadmap to the molecular human linking multiomics with population traits and diabetes subtypes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Theobromine and Its Metabolites in Reducing the Risk of Uric Acid Lithiasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Spent Coffee Grounds and Novaluron Are Toxic toInsects · 2023Article
- Coffee Consumption Behavior in Young Adults: Exploring Motivations, Frequencies, and Reporting Adverse Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms.Psychology research and behavior management · 2023Article
- Shifts in Fecal Metabolite Profiles Associated With Ramadan Fasting Among Chinese and Pakistani Individuals.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Nutritional Metabolomics and the Classification of Dietary Biomarker Candidates: A Critical Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Review
- Urine caffeine metabolites and hearing threshold shifts in US adults: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Mapping of population disparities in the cholangiocarcinoma urinary metabolome.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2021Article
- Personalized Metabolic Profile by Synergic Use of NMR and HRMS.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCaffeine is a widely consumed psychoactive stimulant and is of epidemiologic interest. Major sources of caffeine are challenging to standardize, and the use of biomarkers is proposed as an alternative means of assessing intake.
objectiveWe described urine caffeine and caffeine metabolite concentrations (n = 2466) and excretion rates (n = 2261) in the US population ≥6 y by age, sex, race-ethnicity, and caffeine intake (from foods, beverages, and dietary supplements).
methodsWe measured caffeine and 14 of its metabolites in spot urine samples from the cross-sectional NHANES 2009-2010 by use of LC-tandem mass spectrometry.
resultsCaffeine and its metabolites were detectable in the urine of most persons, generally at concentrations ≥1 μmol/L. Median concentrations (95% CI) ranged from 0.560 (0.497, 0.620) μmol/L to 58.6 (48.6, 67.2) μmol/L; median excretion rates from 0.423 (0.385, 0.468) nmol/min to 46.0 (40.7, 50.2) nmol/min. Urine concentrations and excretion rates for 9 analytes (caffeine, theophylline, paraxanthine, 1-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid, and 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil) had moderate correlations with caffeine intake (Spearman ρ = 0.55-0.68, P < 0.0001); the remaining analytes had low correlations (ρ = 0.15-0.33, P < 0.0001). We observed larger differences in geometric mean concentrations and excretion rates between the highest vs. lowest quartiles of caffeine intake for these 9 compounds than the rest. Consistent with dietary caffeine intake, we observed that urine concentrations and excretion rates for most compounds were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in men than women, non-Hispanic whites than Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks, and highest in persons aged 40-59 y.
conclusionExcretion of caffeine and its metabolites in urine is common in the US population. According to the observed associations between spot urine concentrations or excretion rates with caffeine intake, several of these compounds show promise as potential biomarkers of caffeine intake.
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