ArticlePloS one2015
Heroin use is associated with suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine response after LPS exposure in HIV-infected individuals.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Bidirectional Interplay Between Substances of Abuse and Gut Microbiome Homeostasis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Methadone and Buprenorphine as Medication for Addiction Treatment Diversely Affect Inflammation and Craving Depending on Their Doses.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV Who Use Opioids Have Diminished Latency Reversal.Viruses · 2023Article
- Morphine disrupts macrophage functions even during HIV infection.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Article
- Clinical Observation of the Effects of Oral Opioid on Inflammatory Cytokines and Gut Microbiota in Patients with Moderate to Severe Cancer Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Pain and therapy · 2022Article
- Contributions of neuroimmune and gut-brain signaling to vulnerability of developing substance use disorders.Neuropharmacology · 2021Review
- The role of gut-immune-brain signaling in substance use disorders.International review of neurobiology · 2021Article
- Female rats express heroin-induced and -conditioned suppression of peripheral nitric oxide production in response to endotoxin challenge.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021Article
- Neuroimmune mechanisms of psychostimulant and opioid use disorders.The European journal of neuroscience · 2019Review
- Do All Opioid Drugs Share the Same Immunomodulatory Properties? A Review From Animal and Human Studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Clinical Significance of Serum IL-6 and TNF-α Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2017Article
- Unchanged Levels of Soluble CD14 and IL-6 Over Time Predict Serious Non-AIDS Events in HIV-1-Infected People.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOpioid use is associated with increased incidence of infectious diseases. Although experimental studies have shown that opioids affect various functions of immune cells, only limited data are available from human studies. Drug use is an important risk factor for HIV transmission; however no data are available whether heroin and/or methadone modulate immune response. Therefore, we examined the effect of heroin and methadone use among HIV-infected individuals on the production of cytokines after ex vivo stimulation with various pathogens.
methodsTreatment naïve HIV-infected individuals from Indonesia were recruited. Several cohorts of individuals were recruited: 1) using heroin 2) receiving methadone opioid substitution 3) using heroin over 1 year ago and 4) controls (never used opioids). Whole blood was stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans and LPS for 24 to 48 hours. Cytokine production (IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ and TNF-α) was determined using multiplex beads assay.
resultsAmong 82 individuals, the cytokine levels in unstimulated samples did not differ between groups. Overall, heroin users had significantly lower cytokine response after exposure to LPS (p<0.05). After stimulation with either M. tuberculosis or C. albicans the cytokine production of all groups were comparable.
conclusionThe cytokine production after exposure to LPS is significantly down-regulated in HIV-infected heroin users. Interesting, methadone use did not suppress cytokine response, which could have implications guidelines of opioid substitution.
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