ReviewEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2015
Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature.
Review in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of gynecomastia in adolescence and adults: the clinical practice guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Guideline
- Targeting fibrosis in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction.The Journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Evidence, Pharmacology, and Drug-Drug Interactions for Personalized Management of Hyperkalemia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A retrospective population-based analysis of 19,640 pediatric and young adult males with gynecomastia.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Could refeeding-associated gynaecomastia occur during recovery from anorexia nervosa? A hypothesis-generating review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- A Review on Testosterone: Estradiol Ratio-Does It Matter, How Do You Measure It, and Can You Optimize It?The world journal of men's health · 2025Review
- A second act for spironolactone: cognitive benefits in renal dysfunction - a critical review.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Outpatient management after hospitalisation for acute decompensation of cirrhosis: A practical guide.World journal of hepatology · 2024Review
- Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2024Article
- Gynaecomastia in the Durban Breast Unit: A Comparison of HIV- and Non-HIV-Infected Individuals.World journal of surgery · 2020Article
- Clinical and Biochemical Phenotype of Adolescent Males with GynecomastiaJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2019Article
- Gynecomastia in HIV-positive adult men receiving efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy at Newlands clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Treatment of gynecomastia with prednisone: case report and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2019Review
- Article
- An introduction to male breast cancer for urologists: epidemiology, diagnosis, principles of treatment, and special situations.International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of UrologyReview
- Gynecomastia in a Patient Taking Meloxicam-A Case Report.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
- Incidental Gynecomastia on Thoracic Computed Tomography in Clinical Practice: Characteristics, Radiologic Features, and Correlation With Possible Causes in South Korean Men.American journal of men's healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeA large number of medications have been implicated in the genesis of gynecomastia. However, gynecomastia is common in men, asymptomatic, increases with age, and is considered to be due to an increased estradiol/testosterone ratio. This complicates the interpretation of medication-related gynecomastia. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature in order to assess the data relating gynecomastia onset with utilization of specific medications.
methodsThe literature was searched in PubMed and the Ovid/Medline databases from the 1946 to January 2015 with the search terminology of "gynecomastia, drugs/medications." A few other articles were found and included.
resultsOne hundred ten publications were reviewed. Sixty-three were single case reports. There were 24 population-based studies of which 8 were HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents. Among the case reports, 49 were for individual medications, and 2 were reports of antineoplastic or antiretroviral drug regimens. In the great majority, mastodynia with or without breast enlargement was present and referred to as gynecomastia. Generally, hormonal profiles could not explain the breast enlargement. The pain/tenderness and breast enlargement resolved spontaneously over time.
conclusionMany different medications have been associated with the presence of "gynecomastia." Generally, it presents as a syndrome characterized by a single painful/tender breast (mastodynia) associated with breast enlargement and is transient. We suggest that these cases be referred to as an acute gynecomastia syndrome. This syndrome also occurs independent of medication use. Thus, in an individual patient, whether it is medication induced often remains uncertain. The pathogenesis remains unknown.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.