ReviewImmunology2015
Human spleen microanatomy: why mice do not suffice.
Review in Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 210 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rediscovery of mononuclear phagocyte system blockade for nanoparticle drug delivery.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Cancer Targeting by Nanoparticles Revealed a Global Association between Accumulation in Tumors and Spleen.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Macrophage heterogeneity in human secondary lymphoid organs.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: biology, regulatory networks and theranostic prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Integrative population genomics and tissue-specific expression profiling in cattle using whole-genome sequence resources.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Vaccine Responses in Early Age.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Anatomical Variations of the Splenic Artery: Clinical and Surgical Implications-A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tumor-Induced Splenic Remodeling: Mechanisms of Systemic Immunosuppression and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- The spleen-heart crosstalk in cardiovascular disease: integrating neural, immune, and secretory pathways.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Arterial supplies to the spleen in the rat (Rattus norvegicus), degu (Octodon degus), and red-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus).The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- The mannose receptor on sinusoidal lining cells mediates two-step bacterial clearance in the human spleen.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serial intravital microscopy reveals temporal dynamics of autoreactive germinal centers in the spleen.iScience · 2026Article
- Diallyl disulfide reduces oxidative stress to mitigate uranium tailings radiation-induced damage to the hematopoietic system.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Article
- Identity, ontogeny, and age-related changes in splenic white pulp macrophages in mouse and human spleen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Personalized Models of Biological Barriers and Their Diseases: Recent Progress with Organs-On-Chips.Advanced biology · 2026Review
- Targeting macrophages prevents alloantibody-mediated platelet clearance in a murine model of transfusion refractoriness.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Tumor-Induced Rewiring of Splenic Niches: from Immune Organ to Cancer Accomplice.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Histological characterization of major internal organs in infant common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).PloS one · 2026Article
- Rethinking Matrigel: The Complex Journey to Matrix Alternatives in Organoid Culture.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The microanatomical structure of the spleen has been primarily described in mice and rats. This leads to terminological problems with respect to humans and their species-specific splenic microstructure. In mice, rats and humans the spleen consists of the white pulp embedded in the red pulp. In the white pulp, T and B lymphocytes form accumulations, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and the follicles, located around intermediate-sized arterial vessels, the central arteries. The red pulp is a reticular connective tissue containing all types of blood cells. The spleen of mice and rats exhibits an additional well-delineated B-cell compartment, the marginal zone, between white and red pulp. This area is, however, absent in human spleen. Human splenic secondary follicles comprise three zones: a germinal centre, a mantle zone and a superficial zone. In humans, arterioles and sheathed capillaries in the red pulp are surrounded by lymphocytes, especially by B cells. Human sheathed capillaries are related to the splenic ellipsoids of most other vertebrates. Such vessels are lacking in rats or mice, which form an evolutionary exception. Capillary sheaths are composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, special stromal sheath cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. Human spleens most probably host a totally open circulation system, as connections from capillaries to sinuses were not found in the red pulp. Three stromal cell types of different phenotype and location occur in the human white pulp. Splenic white and red pulp structure is reviewed in rats, mice and humans to encourage further investigations on lymphocyte recirculation through the spleen.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.