ArticleInfection and immunity2015
Analysis of the effects of cigarette smoke on staphylococcal virulence phenotypes.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Integrative multi-omics reveals CUL4B as a modulator of macrophage pyroptosis and innate defense againstScience advances · 2026Article
- Laboratory Analysis of FecalHealth science reports · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoke modulates virulence-related properties and host immune responses inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Natural and synthetic chemicals acting as enhancers of bacterial pathogenic success within the human host.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Comparative Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Heated Tobacco Product Aerosols on Biofilm Production by Respiratory Pathogens.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Risk of Postoperative Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients with Preoperative Methicillin-ResistantJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis and peri-implantitis: pathogenesis, immune responses, and therapeutic.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Effect of Nicotine on Pulmonary Pathogenic Bacteria.Current microbiology · 2024Review
- Vaping-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation Is CaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Bilateral parapneumonic empyema caused byIDCases · 2024Article
- Bioactives of the essential oil from the leaves ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Can habits and behaviors predict colonization by community-associated MRSA in patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital?Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Article
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis in health and disease.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2022Review
- Air pollution induces Staphylococcus aureus USA300 respiratory tract colonization mediated by specific bacterial genetic responses involving the global virulence gene regulators Agr and Sae.Environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Predicting the pulmonary effects of long-term e-cigarette use: are the clouds clearing?European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- Review
- Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in an immunocompetent patient.IDCases · 2022Article
- Calcium-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation and Pharmacological Interventions and Mediators.Biology · 2021Review
- Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-ResistantInternational journal of microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, disease, and disability worldwide. It is well established that cigarette smoke provokes inflammatory activation and impairs antimicrobial functions of human immune cells. Here we explore whether cigarette smoke likewise affects the virulence properties of an important human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, and in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), one of the leading causes of invasive bacterial infections. MRSA colonizes the nasopharynx and is thus exposed to inhalants, including cigarette smoke. MRSA exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE-MRSA) was more resistant to macrophage killing (4-fold higher survival; P < 0.0001). CSE-MRSA demonstrated reduced susceptibility to cell lysis (1.78-fold; P = 0.032) and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (LL-37) killing (MIC, 8 μM versus 4 μM). CSE modified the surface charge of MRSA in a dose-dependent fashion, impairing the binding of particles with charge similar to that of AMPs by 90% (P < 0.0001). These changes persisted for 24 h postexposure, suggesting heritable modifications. CSE exposure increased hydrophobicity by 55% (P < 0.0001), which complemented findings of increased MRSA adherence and invasion of epithelial cells. CSE induced upregulation of mprF, consistent with increased MRSA AMP resistance. S. aureus without mprF had no change in surface charge upon exposure to CSE. In vivo, CSE-MRSA pneumonia induced higher mouse mortality (40% versus 10%) and increased bacterial burden at 8 and 20 h postinfection compared to control MRSA-infected mice (P < 0.01). We conclude that cigarette smoke-induced immune resistance phenotypes in MRSA may be an additional factor contributing to susceptibility to infectious disease in cigarette smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.