ArticleExperimental eye research2015
Dry eye modulates the expression of toll-like receptors on the ocular surface.
Article in Experimental eye research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors in corneal ectasia: linking innate immunity to keratoconus.Molecular biology reports · 2026Pooled it
- The Immunobiology of Dry Eye Disease: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Regulation and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Assessing the Independent and Combined Effects of Hyperosmolarity and Inflammatory Stress on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways in age-related eye disease: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- KGF-2 Alleviates Dry Eye Disease by Regulating the HMGB1/TLR4 Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Management of intraocular pressure and inflammation using febuxostat film:ADMET & DMPK · 2025Article
- Chinese medicine formula "Qingxuan Runmu Yin" alleviating ocular surface inflammation in a rat model of dry eye disease by modulating the TLR4/TAK1/p38MAPK pathway.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Fosfenopril Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Diabetic Dry Eye Models by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Protective effects of insulin on dry eye syndrome via TLR4/NF-κB pathway: based on network pharmacology andFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway-dependent sensing of mitochondrial DNA mediates ocular surface inflammation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Article
- Inflammation of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Cellular Study of the Epithelial and Macrophagic Involvement of NFAT5 and RAGE.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Bacteria and Dry Eye: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- The role of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in the corneal epithelium: recent updates.Cell death & disease · 2022Review
- IGFBP-3 Regulates Mitochondrial Hyperfusion and Metabolic Activity in Ocular Surface Epithelia during Hyperosmolar Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- IGFBP-3 functions as a molecular switch that mediates mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2022Article
- Shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis of ocular surface microbiome in Singapore residents with mild dry eye.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Protective effects of low-molecular-weight components of adipose stem cell-derived conditioned medium on dry eye syndrome in mice.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Comparison of Two Experimental Mouse Dry Eye Models through Inflammatory Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Based on a Multiplexed Transcriptomic Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Is the Conjunctiva a Potential Target for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products?Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Histatin-1 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Signaling in RAW264.7 Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We aimed to determine if toll-like receptor (TLR) expression is modulated in response to dry eye-associated conditions and in dry eye syndrome (DES). Primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC), an SV40 HCEC cell line or a normal human conjunctival epithelial cell line (IOBA-NHC) were cultured under hyperosmolar stress (HOS) (400-500 mOsm/kg) or with DES associated cytokines (IL-1α/β, TNFα or TGFβ) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 ng/ml for up to 24 h. Epithelial cells were harvested from a human cornea organ culture model following 24 h of desiccation. Conjunctival impression cytology samples were harvested from subjects with DES and age and gender-matched normal subjects. TLR4, TLR5 or TLR9 mRNA or protein was examined by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting or flow cytometry. TLR functionality was evaluated in terms of addition of TLR agonists and quantitation of secreted inflammatory cytokines by the use of ELISA and Luminex assays. In SV40 HCEC, HOS significantly increased TLR4 by 8.18 fold, decreased TLR9 by 0.58 fold, but had no effect on TLR5 mRNA expression. TLR4 and TLR9 protein were decreased by 67.7% and 72% respectively. TLR4 mRNA was also significantly up-regulated by up to 9.70 and 3.36 fold in primary HCEC and IOBA-NHC respectively. DES associated cytokines had no effect on TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 expression. In response to desiccation, TLR4 and TLR5 mRNA were significantly up-regulated by 4.81 and 2.51 fold respectively, while TLR9 mRNA was down-regulated by 0.86 fold in HCEC. A similar trend for TLR4 and TLR9 protein was observed. TLR9 mRNA was significantly down-regulated by almost 59.5% in DES subjects. In conclusion, changes in TLR expression occur in dry eye and could have an important role in ocular surface susceptibility to inflammation and infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.