ReviewCirculation research2015
Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited.
Review in Circulation research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 423 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
423 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 661 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular matrix remodeling in animal models of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Pooled it
- Danish phase II trial using adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells for patients with ischaemic heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2023Trial
- Effects of intravenous furosemide plus small-volume hypertonic saline solutions on markers of heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2021Trial
- Inflammatory cytokines and immune signalling in heart failure: mechanisms, models, and emerging therapies.Cardiovascular research · 2026Review
- A human two-hit platform modeling post-ischemic sterile inflammation and diastolic dysfunction in hiPSC-derived cardiac models.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Inflammatory signalling in diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- The Heart-Microbiome Axis: Emerging Relevance in Pediatric Cardiology.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Review
- Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome: Evidence From NHANES and Related-Phenotype Exploration in KNHANES.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular imaging with total-body PET.The British journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Phenotypes and Biomarker Trajectories During Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Cardiac immunity and heart repair: Mechanism, challenge, and future direction.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Association Between Cachexia Defined by the Asian Working Group for Cachexia Criteria and One-Year Post-Discharge Mortality in Older Adults with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations of NLR, MLR, and (neutrophil + monocyte)/lymphocyte ratio with 30-day mortality in diabetic ICU patients with heart failure: A retrospective cohort study.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Amb a 1-Specific IgE in Heart Failure: A Translational Framework for Seasonal Risk, Endotyping, and Patient-Centered Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pathophysiology and Perioperative Considerations for Heart Failure Patients.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pulsatility as a Potential Regulator of Cardiovascular Biology: Molecular, Cellular, and Hemodynamic Remodeling During Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Support and Following Heart Transplantation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Emergence of heartbeat frailty in advanced age II: individual cardiovascular aging trajectories revealed by lifelong echocardiography in male mice.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of the cGAS/STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Preserved ratio impaired spirometry, plasma proteomics, and incident heart failure.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Dysbiosis of oral bacteriome and mycobiome associated with the severity of heart failure.BMC oral health · 2026Article
363 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been identified in patients with heart failure, including heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, as well as acute decompensated heart failure. Moreover, experimental studies have shown repeatedly that activation of inflammation in the heart provokes left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction. Nonetheless, phase III clinical trials that have attempted to antagonize inflammatory mediators have been negative with respect to the primary end points of the trials, and in some patients, resulted in worsening heart failure or death. The following review will discuss how recent developments in the field of innate immunity have advanced our understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of heart failure and will discuss the negative outcomes of the existing clinical trials in light of this new information.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.