ArticlePloS one2015
Removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations by extraction with organic solvents.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endotoxins and Biological Implications-Review.Public health challenges · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Application of Bacteriophages in Regulating Intestinal Health of Livestock and Poultry.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- The cryo-EM structure of bacteriophage PRR1 and its role in conjugation inhibition.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Phage Therapy as an Alternative Strategy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Narrative Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Suppressing Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance by a Small RNA Virus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Receptor identification and in vivo efficacy of a lytic phage vB_EcoStr-FJ63A against colistin-resistant Escherichia coli.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Phage cocktails: state-of-the-art technologies and strategies for effective design.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Targeting SAA expression via siRNA mitigates preterm birth induced by maternal inflammation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic application of a jumbo bacteriophage against metallo-β-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- Dual Nature of Bacteriophages: Friends or Foes in Minimally Processed Food Products-A Comprehensive Review.Viruses · 2025Review
- Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Direct Clearance or Neutralization of LPS.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Oral bacteriophages and their potential as adjunctive treatments for periodontitis: a narrative review.Journal of oral microbiology · 2025Review
- Predatory bacteria can intensify lung-injury in a multidrug-resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The Hydrophobic Stabilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage F8 and the Influence of Modified Bacteriophage Preparation on Biofilm Degradation.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- Co-production of 1,3-propanediol and phage phiKpS2 from the glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2024Article
- Phage-antibiotic synergy against daptomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA in anAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Propagation, Purification, and Characterization of Bacteriophages for Phage Therapy.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Bacteriophages: a double-edged sword in the gastrointestinal tract.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2024Review
- Phage Therapy-Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- IRAK3 Knockout and Wildtype THP-1 Monocytes as Models for Endotoxin Detection Assays andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin, pyrogen) constitutes a very troubling contaminant of crude phage lysates produced in Gram-negative bacteria. Toxicity of LPS depends on the strong innate immunity response including the cytokines. Therefore, its removal is important for bacteriophage applications. In this paper, we present a procedure for extractive removal of endotoxin from bacteriophage preparations with water immiscible solvents (1-octanol or 1-butanol). During extraction most of the phage lytic activity is retained in the aqueous phase, while endotoxin accumulates in the organic solvent. The levels of endotoxin (expressed as endotoxin units, EU) in the aqueous bacteriophage-containing fraction determined by limulus amebocyte lysate or EndoLISA assay were exceptionally low. While the initial endotoxin levels in the crude phage lysates ranged between 10(3) and 10(5) EU/ml the average level after organic extraction remaining in the aqueous fraction was 5.3 EU/ml. These values when related to phage titers decreased from 10(3)-10(5) EU/10(9) PFU (plaque forming units) down to an average of 2.8 EU/10(9) PFU. The purification procedure is scalable, efficient and applicable to all the bacteriophages tested: T4, HAP1 (E. coli) and F8 (P. aeruginosa).
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