ArticlePloS one2015
Diabetic foot syndrome and corneal subbasal nerve plexus changes in congolese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetic Corneal Neuropathy as a Window Into Diabetic Foot Risk: A Large-Scale Association Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Methods for the evaluation of corneal nerve fibres in diabetes mellitus by in vivo confocal microscopy: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Corneal Nerve Morphology in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Studies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence and Corneal Confocal Microscopy: The Start of a Beautiful Relationship.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Efficacy and safety of tibial cortex transverse transport for diabetic foot: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Article
- Early Detection of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Focus on Small Nerve Fibres.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The Role of Neurotropic B Vitamins in Nerve Regeneration.BioMed research international · 2021Review
- Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Critical Review of Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity Data.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Non-invasive detection of corneal sub-basal nerve plexus changes in multiple myeloma patients by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Bioscience reports · 2020Article
- [The cornea as an indicator for systemic diseases].Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete · 2019Article
- [The cornea as an indicator for systemic diseases].Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft · 2018Article
- Corneal Subbasal Nerve Plexus Changes in Severe Diabetic Charcot Foot Deformity: A Pilot Study in Search for a DNOAP Biomarker.Journal of diabetes research · 2018Article
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea: New Developments in Image Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Analysis Using the HRT-Rostock Corneal Module.The ocular surface · 2015Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo study the severity of diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and grades of diabetic foot syndrome for correlations with corneal subbasal nerve plexus (SBP) changes in Congolese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsTwenty-eight type 2 diabetes patients with diabetes-related foot ulceration were recruited in a diabetic care unit in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Corneal SBP was investigated by confocal laser-scanning microscopy to analyse nerve fibre density (NFD) [µm/ µm²], number of branches [n] and number of connectivity points [n]. Foot ulceration was graded using the Wagner ulcer classification. Corneal sensitivity (Cochet-Bonnet), Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS), Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and ophthalmological status were evaluated. Foot ulceration was ranked as mild (Wagner 0-1: 13 patients/46.4%), moderate (Wagner 2-3: 10 patients/35.7%) and severe (Wagner 4-5: 5 patients/17.9%). The correlation between Wagner Score and NFD (p=0.017, r = - 0,454), NDS and NFD (p=0,039, r = - 0.400) as well as Wagner Score and HbA1c (p=0,007, r = - 0.477) was stated. Significant differences in confocal SBP parameters were observed between Wagner 0-1 and Wagner 4 5 (number of branches (p=0.012), number of connectivity points (p=0.001), nerve fibre density (p=0.033)) and ABI (p=0.030), and between Wagner 2-3 and Wagner 4-5 (number of branches (p=0.003), number of connectivity points (p=0.005) and nerve fibre density (p=0.014)). Differences in NDS (p=0.001) and corneal sensation (p=0.032) were significant between Wagner 0-1 and Wagner 2-3. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly longer diabetes duration (p=0.03) and higher NDS (p=0.01), but showed no differences in SBP morphology or corneal sensation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While confirming the diabetic aetiology of foot ulceration due to medial arterial calcification, this study indicates that the grade of diabetic foot syndrome correlates with corneal SBP changes and corneal sensation in patients in sub-Saharan Africa.
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