ArticleNature2015
Square ice in graphene nanocapillaries.
Article in Nature, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed.
- Monitoring and risk assessment of airborne graphene oxide released during a pilot study of 3D printing with polylactic acid filaments.Journal of environmental health science & engineering · 2026Article
- When is nanoconfined water different from interfacial water?Faraday discussions · 2026Article
- Surface Hydroxyls of Imogolite Nanotubes Drive Distinct Structures and Mobility Differentiation of Nanoconfined Water.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- A unified machine-learning framework for ab initio multiscale modeling of liquids.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Energetic All-Polymer Fiber Batteries Enabled by Interface-Interlocked Water-In-Network Electrolytes for Wearable Electronics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- How reactive is water at the nanoscale and how to control it?Science advances · 2026Article
- Framework-templated gas lattices in metal-organic frameworks.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Nuclear quantum effects amplify autoionization-driven superionic behaviour in nanoconfined monolayer water.Chemical science · 2026Article
- The Rose Model of Water: Linking Theory and Simulation.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A stable solid-like water at normal condition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Water self-dissociation in slit pores displays non-monotonic behavior as a function of water filling.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Nanoconfined superionic water is a molecular superionic.Science advances · 2026Article
- Matter in ångström-scale two-dimensional confinement.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2026Review
- Altered morphology and diffusivity of water confined in MXenes: Machine learning-accelerated computations combined with experiments.Science advances · 2026Article
- Experimental observation of liquid-solid transition of nanoconfined water at ambient temperature.Nature materials · 2026Article
- Adsorption Mechanism in Crystalline Micropores: Multimodal Fluctuations, Metastability and Phase Transformations in Nanoconfinement.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Protein Confinement Decouples Dynamical Heterogeneity from Structural Preordering in Supercooled Monolayer Water.JACS Au · 2025Article
- Determining molecular structure, coordination geometry, and molecular symmetry using a continuous symmetry operation measure software.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Reversible shape memory two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Twisted bilayer Ice as a new class of hydrogen-bonding moiré materials.Nature communications · 2025Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bulk water exists in many forms, including liquid, vapour and numerous crystalline and amorphous phases of ice, with hexagonal ice being responsible for the fascinating variety of snowflakes. Much less noticeable but equally ubiquitous is water adsorbed at interfaces and confined in microscopic pores. Such low-dimensional water determines aspects of various phenomena in materials science, geology, biology, tribology and nanotechnology. Theory suggests many possible phases for adsorbed and confined water, but it has proved challenging to assess its crystal structure experimentally. Here we report high-resolution electron microscopy imaging of water locked between two graphene sheets, an archetypal example of hydrophobic confinement. The observations show that the nanoconfined water at room temperature forms 'square ice'--a phase having symmetry qualitatively different from the conventional tetrahedral geometry of hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Square ice has a high packing density with a lattice constant of 2.83 Å and can assemble in bilayer and trilayer crystallites. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that square ice should be present inside hydrophobic nanochannels independently of their exact atomic nature.
Identifiers
25810206What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.