ArticlePloS one2015
Functional characterization of bacteria isolated from ancient arctic soil exposes diverse resistance mechanisms to modern antibiotics.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vibrio Community Structure Shapes the Diversity of Carbenicillin-Hydrolysing Class A β-Lactamase Circulating in European Coastal Environments.Environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Occurrence of Phenotypic Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Paleopathology Meets Public Health: Deep-Time Syndemics and the Ecology of Emerging Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mobile Genetic Elements as Central Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms, Evolutionary Ecology, One Health Implications and Control Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial resistance varies with warming in active layer soil and permafrost.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Investigating the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in relation to bacterial, fungal, and functional diversity in a hay field.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Transmission and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animals, Food, Humans and the Environment.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Vertical stratification and functional coupling of antibiotic resistance and carbon metabolism in thermokarst lake sediments.ISME communications · 2026Article
- "Multidrug-Resistant Achromobacter isolated from soil: an emerging pathogen".BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Advanced integrated Eco-strategies for effective antibiotic waste management.Biodegradation · 2025Review
- Genomic resistance in historical clinical isolates increased in frequency and mobility after the age of antibiotics.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- The Role of Water as a Reservoir for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial resistance in orthopedics: microbial insights, clinical impact, and the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach-a review.Acta orthopaedica · 2025Review
- Antibiotic resistome in the glacier forelands of polar regions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Emerging Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Polar Aquatic Ecosystems.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pandemic Events Caused by Bacteria Throughout Human History and the Risks of Antimicrobial Resistance Today.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Small Molecules from Medicinal PlantMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genomic resistance in historical clinical isolates increased in frequency and mobility after the age of antibiotics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Enhancing High-Level Food-Grade Expression of Glutamate Decarboxylase and Its Application in the Production of γ-Aminobutyric Acid.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Metagenomics approaches in the discovery and development of new bioactive compound of 8-demethoxy-10-deoxysteffimycin from mangrove sediments.3 Biotech · 2024Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using functional metagenomics to study the resistomes of bacterial communities isolated from different layers of the Canadian high Arctic permafrost, we show that microbial communities harbored diverse resistance mechanisms at least 5,000 years ago. Among bacteria sampled from the ancient layers of a permafrost core, we isolated eight genes conferring clinical levels of resistance against aminoglycoside, β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics that are naturally produced by microorganisms. Among these resistance genes, four also conferred resistance against amikacin, a modern semi-synthetic antibiotic that does not naturally occur in microorganisms. In bacteria sampled from the overlaying active layer, we isolated ten different genes conferring resistance to all six antibiotics tested in this study, including aminoglycoside, β-lactam and tetracycline variants that are naturally produced by microorganisms as well as semi-synthetic variants produced in the laboratory. On average, we found that resistance genes found in permafrost bacteria conferred lower levels of resistance against clinically relevant antibiotics than resistance genes sampled from the active layer. Our results demonstrate that antibiotic resistance genes were functionally diverse prior to the anthropogenic use of antibiotics, contributing to the evolution of natural reservoirs of resistance genes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.