ArticlePloS one2015
Identifying the environmental conditions favouring West Nile Virus outbreaks in Europe.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of Climate Change on West Nile Virus Transmission in Italy: A Systematic Review.Public health reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas.Parasites & vectors · 2019Pooled it
- Emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance.Pathogens and disease · 2019Pooled it
- Patterns of emergence and circulation of West Nile Virus in Algeria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Divergent responses to urbanisation and forest cover shape the spatial distribution of Culex pipiens ecotypes in western Switzerland.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- A socio-hydro-epidemiological model for simulating trade-off between dengue infections, water shortages, and adaptive behavior.iScience · 2026Article
- Descriptive Epidemiological Analysis of West Nile Virus Human Infections in Italy: A Surveillance-based Study (2018-2023).Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- West Nile Virus in Europe: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Environmental Drivers, and the Role of Equine Sentinel Surveillance in a One Health Framework.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Scenario-driven shifts in future Usutu and West Nile virus outbreak characteristics in the Netherlands.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating Associations Between Drought and West Nile Virus Epidemics: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Meteorological and environmental drivers of West Nile virus prevalence in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna, Italy in 2013 to 2022.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- One Health approach uncovers emergence and dynamics of Usutu and West Nile viruses in the Netherlands.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Spread of the Mosquito-Transmitted West Nile Virus in North America and Europe.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Detection of Bagaza Virus in Europe: A Scoping Review.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Radar versus optical: The impact of cloud cover when mapping seasonal surface water for health applications in monsoon-affected India.PloS one · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Genomic epidemiology of West Nile virus in Europe.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Review
- Impact of climate change on the global circulation of West Nile virus and adaptation responses: a scoping review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2024Article
- Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.Viruses · 2024Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a globally important mosquito borne virus, with significant implications for human and animal health. The emergence and spread of new lineages, and increased pathogenicity, is the cause of escalating public health concern. Pinpointing the environmental conditions that favour WNV circulation and transmission to humans is challenging, due both to the complexity of its biological cycle, and the under-diagnosis and reporting of epidemiological data. Here, we used remote sensing and GIS to enable collation of multiple types of environmental data over a continental spatial scale, in order to model annual West Nile Fever (WNF) incidence across Europe and neighbouring countries. Multi-model selection and inference were used to gain a consensus from multiple linear mixed models. Climate and landscape were key predictors of WNF outbreaks (specifically, high precipitation in late winter/early spring, high summer temperatures, summer drought, occurrence of irrigated croplands and highly fragmented forests). Identification of the environmental conditions associated with WNF outbreaks is key to enabling public health bodies to properly focus surveillance and mitigation of West Nile virus impact, but more work needs to be done to enable accurate predictions of WNF risk.
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Registered trials
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