ReviewBioMed research international2015
Black stain and dental caries: a review of the literature.
Review in BioMed research international, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Oral Health and Hygiene Status of Global Transgender Population: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Chromogenic bacterial staining of teeth: a scoping review.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Extrinsic black tooth stain and dental caries in the primary dentition of Vietnamese preschool children.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
- Supragingival Biomarker flora of Children With and Without Cariogenic Disease and Black Stains, Aged 3 to 6 Years.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Over-the-Counter Teeth Whitening Products Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2026Article
- Automatic recognition of oral health status in mixed dentition via intraoral photography.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Biochemical Saliva Analysis and Caries Experience In Children With Black Tooth Stain.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- The potential bactericidal effect of oral probiotics on extrinsic black stain-associated bacteria in children: AnJournal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and Clinical Indications of 2 × 4 Fixed Orthodontic Therapy in Regard to Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effects ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of A Fluoride Toothpaste Containing Enzymes and Salivary Proteins on Periodontal Pathogens in Subjects with Black Stain: A Pilot Study.European journal of dentistry · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- The Impact of Anemia-Related Early Childhood Caries on Parents' and Children's Quality of Life.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Characterization of the oral microbiome and gut microbiome of dental caries and extrinsic black stain in preschool children.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The association between black stain and lower risk of dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2022Review
- Black staining: an overview for the general dental practitioner.British dental journal · 2022Article
- Deciphering Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain Composition in Children Using Metaproteomics.ACS omega · 2022Article
- Epidemiological and Microbiome Characterization of Black Tooth Stain in Preschool Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.