ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2016
Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,178 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1,178 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 2,002 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microglia in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Cognitive Impairment: From Pathological Changes to Therapeutic Approaches.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of microglial glucose metabolic reprogramming in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy-Induced Side Effects: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatments.MedComm · 2026Review
- MAFB Overexpression in Macrophages Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcer by Transcriptionally Activating WDR74 to Drive a Tissue-Repair Phenotype and Suppress Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of microglia: Effects on development, disease, and therapeutic potential.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- A multi-omics and machine-learning framework reveals shared druggable targets for Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis and identifies amentoflavone and taraxerone as potential dual-action natural products.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- H4K12 Lactylation Regulates NDUFS7 to Drive Microglia Reverse Electron Transport in Spinal Cord Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The role of the adipose-derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) secretome as an immunomodulator in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases through NF-κB and macrophage reprogramming.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Lamotrigine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Working-Memory Impairment and Is Associated with Changes in Neuroinflammatory, Oxidative-Stress, and Apoptosis-Related Markers.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Post-translational modifications in Neuroimmune cells during neuroinflammation: integrated regulatory networks and therapeutic opportunities.Biology direct · 2026Review
- M2-associated microglial states in oligodendrocyte regulation and white matter repair in vascular dementia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Monomeric C-reactive protein potentiates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via the PLC-PKC-MAPK-NF-κB pathway.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Immune Evasion by Neurotropic Viruses: Molecular Strategies, Cellular Targets, and Consequences for CNS Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting C3aR/STAT3 signaling attenuates neuroinflammation and reverses neurological impairment in Neuromyelitis optica.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Astragaloside IV Mitigates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury via Regulating Microglial Polarization and Neuroinflammation Mediated by cGAS/STING Pathway.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Electroacupuncture-Induced Spinal Microglial Reprogramming in Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Search-Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- FOXM1 downregulation contributes to sevoflurane-induced microglial dysfunction via transcriptional downregulation of RGS10.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- The Dual Roles of Microglia- and Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: from Intercellular Communication to Therapeutic Prospects.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Nanomedicine targeting neuroinflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease: a new frontier in inflammopharmacology.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
1,118 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific immune cells serving as tissue-resident macrophages influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair. As influenced by their environment, microglia assume a diversity of phenotypes and retain the capability to shift functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. In comparison with peripheral macrophages, microglia demonstrate similar and unique features with regards to phenotype polarization, allowing for innate immunological functions. Microglia can be stimulated by LPS or IFN-γ to an M1 phenotype for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or by IL-4/IL-13 to an M2 phenotype for resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Increasing evidence suggests a role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of the innate inflammatory response. Studies using peripheral immune cells demonstrate that polarization to an M1 phenotype is often accompanied by a shift in cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. More recently, the link between polarization and mitochondrial energy metabolism has been considered in microglia. Under these conditions, energy demands would be associated with functional activities and cell survival and thus, may serve to influence the contribution of microglia activation to various neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the polarization states of microglia and their relationship to mitochondrial metabolism. Additional supporting experimental data are provided to demonstrate mitochondrial metabolic shifts in primary microglia and the BV-2 microglia cell line induced under LPS (M1) and IL-4/IL-13 (M2) polarization.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.