ArticlePloS one2015
AUDIT, AUDIT-C, and AUDIT-3: drinking patterns and screening for harmful, hazardous and dependent drinking in Katutura, Namibia.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of mental health screening tools applicable to adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions Targeting Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Symptoms in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Brief counseling for smoking cessation and alcohol use reduction concomitant with hospital procedures: a randomized clinical trial.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2022Trial
- Evaluation of a Web-Based Self-Management Program for Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Trial
- VITAL Start: Video-Based Intervention to Inspire Treatment Adherence for Life-Pilot of a Novel Video-Based Approach to HIV Counseling for Pregnant Women Living with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Questionable generalizability of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption scoring warrants caution when used for outcome monitoring: Evidence from simulated and real-world trial data.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Low-moderate alcohol use effects on glycemic control of patients presenting in the ED.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Psychometric Evaluation of Screens for Common Mental Disorders, Severe Mental Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Suicide Risk in Mozambican Healthcare.Medical research archives · 2024Article
- Lay counsellors' experiences of administering the AUDIT-C as a brief screening tool in a South African township.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- A Psychometric Evaluation and a Framework Test of the HIV Stigma Mechanisms Scale Among a Population-Based Sample of Men and Women Living with HIV in Central Uganda.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Social Determinants of Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse Among Women Living with HIV in Economically Underserved Communities in Cape Town, South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Investigation of the determinants of alcohol use among women in Oshikoto region, Namibia.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- Treatment-seeking behavior and barriers to mental health service utilization for depressive symptoms and hazardous drinking: The role of religious and traditional healers in mental healthcare of Northwest Ethiopia.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Clinical evaluation of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in Moshi, Tanzania.PloS one · 2023Article
- Hazardous alcohol use and HIV indicators in six African countries: results from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015-2017.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- Evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pregnant women to prevent adverse neonatal consequences in Gaborone, Botswana: protocol for the Maduo study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Clinicians' perspectives and perceived barriers to caring for patients with alcohol use disorder and cirrhosis.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2022Article
- Social Capital and Lifestyle Impacts on Mental Health in University Students in Colombia: An Observational Study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Observational
- Sexual Dysfunctions in Patients Receiving Opioid Agonist Treatment and Heroin-Assisted Treatment Compared to Patients in Private Practice-Identifying Group Differences and Predictors.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo describe alcohol drinking patterns among participants in Katutura, Namibia, and to evaluate brief versions of the AUDIT against the full AUDIT to determine their effectiveness in detecting harmful drinking.
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in four constituencies and 639 participants, 18 years or older, completed a sociodemographic survey and the AUDIT. The effectiveness of the AUDIT-C (first three questions) and the AUDIT-3 (third question) was compared to the full AUDIT.
resultsApproximately 40% were identified as harmful, hazardous or likely dependent drinkers, with men having a higher likelihood than women (57.2% vs. 31.0%, p<.0001). Approximately 32% reported making and/or selling alcohol from home. The AUDIT-C performed best at a cutoff ≥ 3, better in men (sensitivity: 99.3%, specificity: 77.8%) than women (sensitivity: 91.7%, specificity: 77.4%). The AUDIT-3 performed poorly (maximum sensitivity: < 90%, maximum specificity: <51%). According to AUROC, the AUDIT-C performed better than the AUDIT-3.
conclusionsA large proportion of participants met criteria for alcohol misuse, indicating a need for screening and referral for further evaluation and intervention. The AUDIT-C was almost as effective as the full AUDIT and may be easier to implement in clinical settings as a routine screening tool in resource-limited settings because of its brevity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.