ArticleMolecular and clinical oncology2015
Smoking-induced changes in cancer-related factors in patients with upper tract urothelial cancer.
Article in Molecular and clinical oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Strategies-A Narrative Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 to Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer Risk in Taiwan.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of smoking on urologic cancers: a snapshot of current evidence.World journal of urology · 2023Review
- Relationships among cigarette smoking, urinary biomarkers, and urothelial carcinoma risk: a case-control study.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Human antigen R as a predictive marker for response to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer.Oncology letters · 2017Article
- Predictive Markers for the Recurrence of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Intravesical Therapy.Disease markers · 2015Review
- High Consumption of Green Tea Suppresses Urinary Tract Recurrence of Urothelial CancerIn vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial cancer (UC) development. However, the associations between smoking and changes in the pathological characteristics and molecular expression of cancer-related molecules in upper tract (UT) UC have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the associations between smoking status and cancer-related factors, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and -C, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, in patients with UTUC. A total of 134 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy were retrospectively investigated. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were measured using anti-Ki-67, anti-CD105 and anti-D2-40 antibodies in formalin-fixed specimens. The apoptotic index was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Other cancer-related molecules were investigated by immunohistochemistry in similar specimens. The patients were divided into three groups; non-smoker (n=54, 40.3%), former smoker (n=46, 34.3%) and current smoker (n=34, 25.4%). The PI and the apoptotic index were not found to be correlated with smoking status; however, the mean/standard deviation level of LVD in current smokers (40.9/12.9) was significantly higher (P=0.034) compared to that in patients who had never smoked (34.4/10.6). In addition, smoking status was positively correlated with the presence of intratumoral lymphatic vessels (iLV) (P=0.010) and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 (P=0.032). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that current smoking was independently associated with all the abovementioned smoking-related factors. However, former smoking was correlated with LVD and the presence of iLV. In the survival analysis, LVD, the presence of iLV and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 were identified as predictive factors for metastasis following surgery. In conclusion, lymphangiogenesis and the expression levels of COX-2 and MMP-9 were found to be associated with the smoking status of UTUC patients. Our results may provide important insights into the pathological changes precipitated by smoking in these patients.
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