Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25797650›Full record

ReviewClinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology2015

Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee.

P M Rossini, D Burke, R Chen, L G Cohen, Z Daskalakis, R Di Iorio, V Di Lazzaro, F Ferreri, P B Fitzgerald, M S George and 14 more

20 registry-linked trialsAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 20 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,299 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,299citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02957942 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Spasmodic Dysphonia

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of MinnesotaRan2017 to 2018Enrolled20ConditionsSpasmodic Dysphonia, Laryngeal DystoniaArms1Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
NCT02999282 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2016, after this paper: background citation

Rehabilitative Trial for the Recovery of Neurophysiological Parameters in Progranulin Mutation Carriers Through the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

TypeinterventionalSponsorAzienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di BresciaRan2016 to 2019Enrolled70ConditionsFrontotemporal Dementia, GRN Related Frontotemporal DementiaArmsAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation, Sham transcranial direct current stimulation
NCT03120013 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Rehabilitative Trial With Cerebello-Spinal tDCS for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Ataxia

TypeinterventionalSponsorAzienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di BresciaRan2017 to 2018Enrolled21ConditionsAtaxia, Cerebellar, Cerebellar Ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias, Ataxia, SpinocerebellarArmsAnodal cerebellar and cathodal spinal tDCS, Sham cerebellar and sham spinal tDCS
NCT03344731 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Cognitive Abilities in Brain Damaged Patients

TypeinterventionalSponsorNeuromed IRCCSRan2017 to 2025Enrolled100ConditionsBrain DamageArmsCognitive evaluation, Non-invasive brain stimulation
NCT03737032 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Theta Burst Stimulation in Young Adults With Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorErika ForbesRan2020 to 2022Enrolled29ConditionsDepressionArmsIntermittent Theta Burst Stimulation, Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation, Sham Theta Burst Stimulation
NCT03909009 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on Pain, Fatigue, Quality of Life, Cognitive Function and Mood in Fibromyalgia

TypeinterventionalSponsorIzmir Katip Celebi UniversityRan2019 to 2020Enrolled20ConditionsFibromyalgiaArmsrTMS + Neuronavigation
NCT04153110 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

Cerebello-Spinal tDCS as Rehabilitative Intervention in Neurodegenerative Ataxias: a Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Trial Followed by an Open-label Phase

TypeinterventionalSponsorAzienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di BresciaRan2018 to 2021Enrolled61ConditionsAtaxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2ArmsAnodal cerebellar and cathodal spinal tDCS, Sham cerebellar and sham spinal tDCS
NCT04324801 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Aftereffects and Reliability of Two Homeostatic Plasticity Induction Protocols

TypeinterventionalSponsorAalborg UniversityRan2020 to 2020Enrolled30ConditionsHealthyArmsHomeostatic plasticity induction using transcranial direct current stimulation
NCT04485689 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Capsaicin-induced Pain on Homeostatic Plasticity in Healthy Human Participants

TypeinterventionalSponsorAalborg UniversityRan2020 to 2020Enrolled24ConditionsHealthyArmsCapsaicin Topical - alone, Placebo - alone, Capsaicin Topical - ice, Placebo - ice
NCT04785053 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Improving Memory Functions in Mild Alzheimer's Disease by Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

TypeinterventionalSponsorHebrew SeniorLifeRan2020 to 2023Enrolled34ConditionsAlzheimer DiseaseArmstranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
NCT04866979 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

StimoLaMente - La Stimolazione Cerebrale Non Invasiva Applicata Alla Riabilitazione Della Malattia di Alzheimer/ StimoLaMente - Applying Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer's Rehabilitation

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversità degli Studi di TrentoRan2021 to 2024Enrolled200ConditionsAlzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive ImpairmentArmsExperimental: Continuous TBS (cTBS), Intermittent TBS (iTBS), Cognitive training (CT)., Sham Stimulation (shamTBS)
NCT05425615 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Probing Language Processes Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

TypeinterventionalSponsorMedical College of WisconsinRan2024 to 2032Enrolled135ConditionsStroke, Aphasia, LanguageArmsTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation
NCT05436379 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Treatment, Emotion, and Neuromodulation of Depression (TREND) Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorErika ForbesRan2022 to 2025Enrolled21ConditionsDepressionArmsTheta Burst Stimulation
NCT05441969 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

In Vivo Cortical Excitability Modulation in Major Depressive Disorder

TypeobservationalSponsorFundacao ChampalimaudRan2020 to 2025Enrolled90ConditionsMajor Depressive DisorderArmsNo intervention/expousure
NCT05580302 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Cortical Silent Period in Laryngeal Dystonia

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorUniversity of Split, School of MedicineRan2022 to 2025Enrolled20ConditionsLaryngeal Dystonia, Spasmodic DysphoniaArmsTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
NCT06112093 phase1recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Manage Headaches and Improve Rehabilitation Outcomes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorState University of New York - Upstate Medical UniversityRan2023 to 2027Enrolled60ConditionsBrain Concussion, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Headache, Post-Concussion SymptomsArmsRepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Sham Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
NCT06490965 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Improving Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Treatments: from Lesions to Neuromodulation Targets

TypeinterventionalSponsorFundacao ChampalimaudRan2024 to 2026Enrolled32ConditionsObsessive-Compulsive DisorderArmsRepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Neuronavigation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCT06731452 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Exploring Markers of Brain Health With EEG and TMS: A Pilot Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Texas at DallasRan2025 to 2027Enrolled63ConditionsHealthy Lifestyle, Health-Related BehaviorArmsStrategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training teaches meta-cognitive strategies for individuals to apply to their daily lives for improved performance
NCT06900959 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Transcranial Static Field Stimulation (tSMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for the Treatment of Neurological Symptoms

TypeinterventionalSponsorNeuromed IRCCSRan2025 to 2026Enrolled40ConditionsNeurological Diseases or ConditionsArmstranscranial static field stimulation (tSMS) and transcranial (tDCS)
NCT07440173 phase4not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Combined Phenol and Botulinum Toxin vs Botulinum Toxin Alone for Upper-Limb Spasticity After Stroke: A Randomized Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorAssiut UniversityRan2026 to 2027Enrolled60ConditionsSpasticity as Sequela of StrokeArmsphenol neurolysis, Botulinum Toxin - A injections
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1,299 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  4. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke spasticity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
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1,239 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

P M RossiniInstitute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
D BurkeDepartment of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
R ChenDivision of Neurology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
L G CohenHuman Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Z DaskalakisTemerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
R Di IorioInstitute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: r.diiorio@live.it.
V Di LazzaroDepartment of Neurology, University Campus Bio-medico, Rome, Italy.
F FerreriDepartment of Neurology, University Campus Bio-medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
P B FitzgeraldMonash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia.
M S GeorgeMedical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
M HallettHuman Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
J P LefaucheurDepartment of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France.
B LangguthDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
H MatsumotoDepartment of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
C MiniussiDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
M A NitscheDepartment of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
A Pascual-LeoneBerenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
W PaulusDepartment of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
S RossiBrain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
J C RothwellInstitute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
H R SiebnerDepartment of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
Y UgawaDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
V WalshInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
U ZiemannDepartment of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.

Funding

Cortical reorganization and plasticity In the Healthy BrainZIANS002978 · NINDS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI COHEN, LEONARDO GREGORIO · 2009 to 2025
$38.0M
Physiology of Voluntary MovementZIANS002669 · NINDS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI HALLETT, MARK · 2009 to 2023
$15.4M
Intramural NIH HHS Z99 NS999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on "Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application" (Rossini et al., 1994). A new Committee, composed of international experts, some of whom were in the panel of the 1994 "Report", was selected to produce a current state-of-the-art review of non-invasive stimulation both for clinical application and research in neuroscience. Since 1994, the international scientific community has seen a rapid increase in non-invasive brain stimulation in studying cognition, brain-behavior relationship and pathophysiology of various neurologic and psychiatric disorders. New paradigms of stimulation and new techniques have been developed. Furthermore, a large number of studies and clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic applications of non-invasive brain stimulation, especially for TMS. Recent guidelines can be found in the literature covering specific aspects of non-invasive brain stimulation, such as safety (Rossi et al., 2009), methodology (Groppa et al., 2012) and therapeutic applications (Lefaucheur et al., 2014). This up-dated review covers theoretical, physiological and practical aspects of non-invasive stimulation of brain, spinal cord, nerve roots and peripheral nerves in the light of more updated knowledge, and include some recent extensions and developments.

Indexed as

Research ReportAdvisory CommitteesAnimalsBrainCognition DisordersDeep Brain StimulationHumansMental DisordersPeripheral NervesSpinal CordTranscranial Magnetic StimulationClinical neurophysiologyExcitability thresholdHuman cortexNon-invasive stimulationTMS measuresTranscranial magnetic stimulation

Identifiers

PMID25797650
PMCPMC6350257

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

and 14 more above

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.