ArticleDevelopmental biology2015
Regeneration of Xenopus laevis spinal cord requires Sox2/3 expressing cells.
Article in Developmental biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spinal cord injury induces mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming in non-regenerativeiScience · 2026Article
- Assessing circuit function in the developingFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Shh signaling directs dorsal ventral patterning in the regenerating X. tropicalis spinal cord.Developmental biology · 2025Article
- Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians.Developmental cell · 2025Article
- Importance of ultradian oscillations in neurogenesis during development and its implications for spinal cord regeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
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- Shh signaling directs dorsal ventral patterning in the regeneratingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Neurotrauma-From Injury to Repair: Clinical Perspectives, Cellular Mechanisms and Promoting Regeneration of the Injured Brain and Spinal Cord.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Thyroid hormone receptor knockout prevents the loss of Xenopus tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- Spinal cord regeneration - the origins of progenitor cells for functional rebuilding.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2022Review
- Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Review
- MAPK/ERK Pathway as a Central Regulator in Vertebrate Organ Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Analysis of the early response to spinal cord injury identified a key role for mTORC1 signaling in the activation of neural stem progenitor cells.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2021Article
- Foxm1 regulates neural progenitor fate during spinal cord regeneration.EMBO reports · 2021Article
- Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Cellular response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages in Xenopus laevis.Neural development · 2021Article
- Regeneration enhancers: A clue to reactivation of developmental genes.Development, growth & differentiation · 2020Review
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- The Requirement of Sox2 for the Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Development of Zebrafish.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Spinal cord regeneration is very inefficient in humans, causing paraplegia and quadriplegia. Studying model organisms that can regenerate the spinal cord in response to injury could be useful for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain why this process fails in humans. Here, we use Xenopus laevis as a model organism to study spinal cord repair. Histological and functional analyses showed that larvae at pre-metamorphic stages restore anatomical continuity of the spinal cord and recover swimming after complete spinal cord transection. These regenerative capabilities decrease with onset of metamorphosis. The ability to study regenerative and non-regenerative stages in Xenopus laevis makes it a unique model system to study regeneration. We studied the response of Sox2(/)3 expressing cells to spinal cord injury and their function in the regenerative process. We found that cells expressing Sox2 and/or Sox3 are present in the ventricular zone of regenerative animals and decrease in non-regenerative froglets. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) experiments and in vivo time-lapse imaging studies using green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by the Sox3 promoter showed a rapid, transient and massive proliferation of Sox2(/)3(+) cells in response to injury in the regenerative stages. The in vivo imaging also demonstrated that Sox2(/)3(+) neural progenitor cells generate neurons in response to injury. In contrast, these cells showed a delayed and very limited response in non-regenerative froglets. Sox2 knockdown and overexpression of a dominant negative form of Sox2 disrupts locomotor and anatomical-histological recovery. We also found that neurogenesis markers increase in response to injury in regenerative but not in non-regenerative animals. We conclude that Sox2 is necessary for spinal cord regeneration and suggest a model whereby spinal cord injury activates proliferation of Sox2/3 expressing cells and their differentiation into neurons, a mechanism that is lost in non-regenerative froglets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.