ReviewBiological psychiatry2015
Estrogen and extinction of fear memories: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder treatment.
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do oral contraceptives modulate the effects of stress induction on one-session exposure efficacy and generalization in women?Psychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fear extinction retention in healthy adults.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Trial
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: pathogenesis, epidemiological characteristics, animal models, and potential therapeutic strategies.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Positive association between sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines in trauma-exposed premenopausal women.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- A history of chronic adolescent stress attenuates cued fear-potentiated startle in adult female Wistar rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Effects of Sex Differences on Conditioned Fear Extinction and Safety Learning in C57BL/6J Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- A systematic review of spontaneous recovery in human fear conditioning.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Personalized resilience: how individual variability in brain-immune responses to stress influences the development of anxiety disorders.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Plasma Allopregnanolone and Sex Hormone Responses to Stress Induction: Contributors to the Formation of Intrusive Memories.Neuropsychobiology · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent role of hippocampal BDNF and GSK-3β in mediating PTSD-like behaviors in both sexes of adolescent rats exposed to fear conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- The impact of the BDNF Val66Met genotype on intrusive memories following trauma exposure and in PTSD is moderated by sex and timing of trauma exposure.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal Associations Between Peritraumatic Oestradiol and Fear Responding in Women and Men.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Article
- Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- The effects of spaced versus massed extinction training on extinction retention of conditioned fear learning in male rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sex differences in PTSD speech biomarkers assessed by virtual agent-induced conversations.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Identifying Genetically Inferred Effects Linking Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to Women's Health, Lipid Disorders, and Malaria Medications.The American journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- A systematic review on the bidirectional relationship between trauma-related psychopathology and reproductive aging.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Article
- Genetic influences on testosterone and PTSD.Journal of psychiatric research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric illness whose prevalence in women is more than twice the rate as men. Despite a burgeoning literature characterizing sex differences in PTSD incidence and its disproportionate burden on society, there is a dearth of literature describing biological mechanisms underlying these disparities. However, the recent identification of biomarkers of PTSD by translational neuroscientists offers a promising opportunity to explore sex interactions in PTSD phenotypes. A notable observation is that individuals with PTSD show deficits in their ability to inhibit conditioned fear responding after extinction training. Given that extinction procedures, via exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy, make up one of the predominant modes of treatment in PTSD, there is a critical need for more research on sex interactions in this form of fear regulation. An emerging hypothesis is that fluctuating gonadal hormones, especially estrogen, in the menstrual cycle may play a critical role in fear extinction and, hence, PTSD vulnerability and symptom severity in women. The current review discusses how the study of putative activational effects of estrogen on fear extinction may be harnessed to advance the search for better treatments for PTSD in women. We conclude that estrogen treatment may be a putative pharmacologic adjunct in extinction-based therapies and should be tracked in the menstrual cycle during the course of PTSD treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.