ArticlePloS one2015
Association of Anaplasma marginale strain superinfection with infection prevalence within tropical regions.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma marginale in cattle from the Lower Shabelle Region of Somalia.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- First report of 'Candidatus Anaplasma camelii' and high molecular prevalence of Anaplasma marginale in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Somalia.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Generation of Population-Level Diversity inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Occurrence of Babesia and Anaplasma in ruminants from the Catimbau National Park, Semiarid Region of Northeast Brazil.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2024Article
- Artificial Feeding ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Molecular and Serological Identification ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Molecular Prevalence and Genetic Diversity Based onLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Temporal Dynamics ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine?Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on tick-borne pathogen co-infections.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2021Review
- Epidemiology and genotyping of Anaplasma marginale and co-infection with piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae in cattle and buffaloes from Egypt.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Low genetic diversity of Ehrlichia canis associated with high co-infection rates in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.).Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Anaplasma ovis in goats in Corsica, France.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Article
- Co-infections with multiple genotypes of Anaplasma marginale in cattle indicate pathogen diversity.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Article
- Insight into the genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale in cattle from ten provinces of China.Parasites & vectors · 2017Article
- Identification of a T-Cell Epitope That Is Globally Conserved among Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) OMP7, OMP8, and OMP9 of Anaplasma marginale Strains and with OMP7 from the A. marginale subsp. centrale Vaccine Strain.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Structural Basis for Recombinatorial Permissiveness in the Generation of Anaplasma marginale Msp2 Antigenic Variants.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Strain superinfection occurs when a second strain infects a host already infected with and having mounted an immune response to a primary strain. The incidence of superinfection with Anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants, has been shown to be higher in tropical versus temperate regions. This has been attributed to the higher prevalence of infection, with consequent immunity against primary strains and thus greater selective pressure for superinfection with antigenically distinct strains. However an alternative explanation would be the differences in the transmitting vector, Dermacentor andersoni in the studied temperate regions and Rhipicephalus microplus in the studied tropical regions. To address this question, we examined two tropical populations sharing the same vector, R. microplus, but with significantly different infection prevalence. Using two separate markers, msp1α (one allele per genome) and msp2 (multiple alleles per genome), there were higher levels of multiple strain infections in the high infection prevalence as compared to the low prevalence population. The association of higher strain diversity with infection prevalence supports the hypothesis that high levels of infection prevalence and consequent population immunity is the predominant driver of strain superinfection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.