Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25792818›Full record

ReviewClinical interventions in aging2015

Link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: from epidemiology to mechanism and treatment.

Xiaohua Li, Dalin Song, Sean X Leng

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Clinical interventions in aging, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
148citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

148 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  13. Opposite causal effects of type 2 diabetes and metformin on Alzheimer's disease.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025
    Article
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  18. Associations Between Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
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88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Xiaohua LiDalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
Dalin SongDepartment of Geriatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
Sean X LengDivision of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiological evidence linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related conditions, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic syndrome, to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several mechanisms could help to explain this proposed link; however, our focus is on insulin resistance and deficiency. Studies have shown that insulin resistance and deficiency can interact with amyloid-β protein and tau protein phosphorylation, each leading to the onset and development of AD. Based on those epidemiological data and basic research, it was recently proposed that AD can be considered as "type 3 diabetes". Special attention has been paid to determining whether antidiabetic agents might be effective in treating AD. There has been much research both experimental and clinical on this topic. We mainly discuss the clinical trials on insulin, metformin, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of AD. Although the results of these trials seem to be contradictory, this approach is also full of promise. It is worth mentioning that the therapeutic effects of these drugs are influenced by the apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ε4 genotype. Patients without the APOE-ε4 allele showed better treatment effects than those with this allele.

Indexed as

AgedAlzheimer DiseaseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2HumansHyperinsulinismHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin ResistanceMetabolic SyndromeObesityHypoglycemic AgentsAlzheimer’s diseaseinsulintype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID25792818
PMCPMC4360697

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.