ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2015
The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 807 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
807 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Expression of multidrug efflux pump gene acrAB in Escherichia coli: a systematic review and meta analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
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- Broad-Spectrum, Cell Envelope-Active Marinocyclin Antibiotics From a Coral-Derived Bacterium Are Effective Against Colistin-Resistant Bacteria.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Bacterial strategies for surviving antibiotics during urinary tract infection: could uropathogenic Escherichia coli be persisters?Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Efflux modulation as an antimicrobial strategy: mechanisms and translational perspectives.npj drug discovery · 2026Review
- Review
- Heterogeneity of azithromycin resistance markers inNew microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistantJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Activities of a Natural Polysaccharide AgainstFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Synergistic Ionic Liquid-Antibiotic Combination as a Strategy against Methicillin-ResistantACS omega · 2026Article
- Genomic Characterization of Bacterial Isolates from Aerobic Fermentation of Oolong Tea Dregs: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Lignocellulose-Degrading Potential.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Adaptive Response ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Callus Induction inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bioactive Hydrogel-MOF Composites as Resistance-Modulating Wound Interfaces: Molecular Mechanisms and Rational Design for Chronic Wound Management.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Adaptive resistance to and intracellular bioaccumulation of potentially toxic metals in a plant growth-promoting Rhizobium tropici-like isolate: implications for phytoremediation.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Multidrug-resistant bacterial contamination of healthcare workers' mobile phones, decontamination efficacy, and potential implications for hospital-acquired infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reimagining antimicrobial resistance: AI-driven predictive epidemiology and the C-AMRE framework for next-generation antibiotic discovery.The Journal of antibiotics · 2026Review
- From resistance mechanisms to therapy: Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
- Detection of an ExPEC-likeBiotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Article
747 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous in these bacteria greatly contribute to antibiotic resistance and present a major challenge for antibiotic development. Multidrug pumps, particularly those represented by the clinically relevant AcrAB-TolC and Mex pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily, not only mediate intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) but also are involved in other functions, including the bacterial stress response and pathogenicity. Additionally, efflux pumps interact synergistically with other resistance mechanisms (e.g., with the outer membrane permeability barrier) to increase resistance levels. Since the discovery of RND pumps in the early 1990s, remarkable scientific and technological advances have allowed for an in-depth understanding of the structural and biochemical basis, substrate profiles, molecular regulation, and inhibition of MDR pumps. However, the development of clinically useful efflux pump inhibitors and/or new antibiotics that can bypass pump effects continues to be a challenge. Plasmid-borne efflux pump genes (including those for RND pumps) have increasingly been identified. This article highlights the recent progress obtained for organisms of clinical significance, together with methodological considerations for the characterization of MDR pumps.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.