Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25788018›Full record

Trial reportBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2015

School based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): cluster randomised controlled trial.

Feng J He, Yangfeng Wu, Xiang-Xian Feng, Jun Ma, Yuan Ma, Haijun Wang, Jing Zhang, Jianhui Yuan, Ching-Ping Lin, Caryl Nowson and 1 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01821144 (A School-based Education Programme to Reduce Salt Intake in Children and Their Families), which is not on this map. Cited by 109 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
109citing papers in PubMed, 18 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01821144 nacompletednot on this map

A School-based Education Programme to Reduce Salt Intake in Children and Their Families (School-EduSalt)

TypeinterventionalSponsorQueen Mary University of LondonRan2013 to 2014Enrolled832ConditionsHealthy VolunteerArmsSalt reduction, Control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

109 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  17. Review of behaviour change interventions to reduce population salt intake.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2017
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49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Feng J HeWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK f.he@qmul.ac.uk.
Yangfeng WuGeorge Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.
Xiang-Xian FengChangzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China.
Jun MaInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
Yuan MaWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
Haijun WangInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
Jing ZhangGeorge Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
Jianhui YuanChangzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China.
Ching-Ping LinGeorge Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Caryl NowsonSchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Graham A MacGregorWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Funding

Northern/Pacific Universities Global Health Research Training ConsortiumR25TW009345 · FIC · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KOLARS, JOSEPH C., NERURKAR, VIVEK RAMCHANDRA · 2012 to 2016
$5.9M
FIC NIH HHS R25 TW009345Medical Research Council MR/J015903/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine whether an education programme targeted at schoolchildren could lower salt intake in children and their families.

designCluster randomised controlled trial, with schools randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group.

setting28 primary schools in urban Changzhi, northern China.

participants279 children in grade 5 of primary school, with mean age of 10.1; 553 adult family members (mean age 43.8).

interventionChildren in the intervention group were educated on the harmful effects of salt and how to reduce salt intake within the schools' usual health education lessons. Children then delivered the salt reduction message to their families. The intervention lasted for one school term (about 3.5 months).

main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the difference between the groups in the change in salt intake (as measured by 24 hour urinary sodium excretion) from baseline to the end of the trial. The secondary outcome was the difference between the two groups in the change in blood pressure.

resultsAt baseline, the mean salt intake in children was 7.3 (SE 0.3) g/day in the intervention group and 6.8 (SE 0.3) g/day in the control group. In adult family members the salt intakes were 12.6 (SE 0.4) and 11.3 (SE 0.4) g/day, respectively. During the study there was a reduction in salt intake in the intervention group, whereas in the control group salt intake increased. The mean effect on salt intake for intervention versus control group was -1.9 g/day (95% confidence interval -2.6 to -1.3 g/day; P<0.001) in children and -2.9 g/day (-3.7 to -2.2 g/day; P<0.001) in adults. The mean effect on systolic blood pressure was -0.8 mm Hg (-3.0 to 1.5 mm Hg; P=0.51) in children and -2.3 mm Hg (-4.5 to -0.04 mm Hg; P<0.05) in adults.

conclusionsAn education programme delivered to primary school children as part of the usual curriculum is effective in lowering salt intake in children and their families. This offers a novel and important approach to reducing salt intake in a population in which most of the salt in the diet is added by consumers.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01821144. .

Indexed as

Health EducationSchoolsAdultBlood PressureCardiovascular DiseasesChildChinaDiet, Sodium-RestrictedHumansProgram EvaluationRisk FactorsSodium Chloride, DietarySodium, DietarySodium Chloride, DietarySodium, Dietary

Identifiers

PMID25788018
PMCPMC4364292

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.