ArticleJournal of epidemiology2015
Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease, with special emphasis on chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology, in the north central region of Sri Lanka.
Article in Journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu): a systematic review of the literature.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review.Journal of nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Longitudinal assessment of kidney function in migrant farm workers.Environmental research · 2021Trial
- A study of perirenal and epicardial fat thickness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic risk in pre-dialysis diabetic and non-diabetic CKD patients.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Association of edentulism with incident non-communicable diseases among middle-aged and older adults: a population-based cohort study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Quality of life, sleep quality, and psychological wellbeing of patients with chronic kidney disease in Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Albuminuria as a diagnostic criterion and a therapeutic target in heart failure and other cardiovascular disease.European journal of heart failure · 2025Review
- The silent epidemic of CKDu: advances, challenges, and strategies for sustainable eradication-a narrative review.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Review
- Article
- Lanka virus, a Mus booduga-borne orthohantavirus infection-associated febrile illness in Sri Lanka.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Tubulointerstitial nephropathy is the predominant finding in men in a review of more than 3000 renal biopsies over a 10-year period from Sri Lanka.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: Health systems challenges of patients on hemodialysis.Public health challenges · 2024Article
- Metals and Metallothionein Expression in Relation to Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Two decades of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) research: Existing evidence and persistent gaps from epidemiological studies in Sri Lanka.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2022Review
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
- Incorporating neglected non-communicable diseases into the national health program-A review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: Hematological Changes and Pro-Inflammation Suggest Likely Predictors of Advance Disease, as Renal Outcomes Show Prevalent Normoalbuminuria.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Urinary concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were related to renal tubular dysfunction and neuropsychological complaints in Dry-zone of Sri Lanka.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Utility of Self-Reported Heat Stress Symptoms and NGAL Biomarker to Screen for Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe aim of the study was to identify the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka.
methodsA cross-sectional study was carried out by analyzing health statistics, and three cohort studies were conducted (n = 15 630, 3996, and 2809) to analyze the demographic information, age-specific prevalence, etiology, and stage of presentation. We screened 7604 individuals for chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology.
resultsThe results showed that the male:female ratio was 2.4:1, the mean age of patients was 54.7 ± 8 years, 92% of the patients were farmers, and 93% consumed water from shallow dug wells. Familial occurrence was common (36%). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in different age groups was 3% in those aged 30-40 years; 7% in those aged 41-50 years, 20% in those aged 51-60 years, and 29% in those older than 60 years. Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology was diagnosed in 70.2% of patients, while 15.7% and 9.6% were due to hypertension and diabetic mellitus, respectively. The majority of patients were stage 4 (40%) at first presentation, while 31.8% were stage 3 and 24.5% were stage 5. Stage 1 and 2 presentation accounted for only 3.4%.
conclusionsLow prevalence of CKDU was noticed (1.5%) among those who consumed water from natural springs. Prevalence was highest among males, rice farming communities, and those presenting at later disease stages.
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