ReviewJournal of virology2015
What is the reservoir of emergent human norovirus strains?
Review in Journal of virology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The epidemiology of Norovirus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a systematic review.Virology journal · 2017Pooled it
- The potential impacts of human genetics on virus emergence.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Virus Evolution in Prolonged Infections of Immunocompromised Individuals.Clinical chemistry · 2025Review
- A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Benchmarking Bioinformatic Tools for Amplicon-Based Sequencing of Norovirus.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Long Term Norovirus Infection in a Patient with Severe Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Viruses · 2022Article
- Viral intra-host evolution in immunocompetent children contributes to human norovirus diversification at the global scale.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of norovirus and viral gastroenteritis in Ontario, Canada, 2009-2014.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Evolution of Noroviruses between 1966 and 2019, Implications for Vaccine Design.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Review
- One year into the pandemic: Short-term evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of new lineages.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2021Article
- Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Norovirus evolution in immunodeficient mice reveals potentiated pathogenicity via a single nucleotide change in the viral capsid.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Preadaptation of pandemic GII.4 noroviruses in unsampled virus reservoirs years before emergence.Virus evolution · 2020Article
- Article
- Genome Sequence of a Human Norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong[P31] Variant in Hong Kong, China.Microbiology resource announcements · 2020Article
- Intra-Host Evolution of Norovirus GII.4 in a Chronic Infected Patient With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Norovirus Activity and Genotypes in Sporadic Acute Diarrhea in Children in Shanghai During 2014-2018.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since 1996, there have been at least six human norovirus pandemics. All of the pandemic strains are genetically related, segregating in the genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) cluster within the Norovirus genus. Evidence indicates that these strains are closely related but antigenically distinct, supporting immune-driven viral evolution. Thus, norovirus vaccines will likely require periodic reformulation to protect from newly emergent strains. A major obstacle is that the reservoir of emergent strains is unknown. Noroviruses display tight species specificity and there is no evidence supporting zoonotic transmission, so an animal reservoir is considered unlikely. Moreover, available data indicate minimal viral diversity in most natural human infections. In this Gem, we discuss the widely speculated idea that chronically infected immunocompromised individuals are norovirus reservoirs and provide a rationale for the theory that elderly and malnourished hosts may also represent norovirus reservoirs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.