ArticlePloS one2015
Serum phthalate levels and time to pregnancy in couples from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phthalate exposure and female reproductive and developmental outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence.Environment international · 2019Pooled it
- Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review.Human reproduction update · 2019Pooled it
- Phthalate exposure and male reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence.Environment international · 2018Pooled it
- Impact of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate Metabolites on Male Reproductive Function: a Systematic Review of Human Evidence.Current environmental health reports · 2018Pooled it
- Single-cell study of human ovarian response to phthalate exposure reveals glial cell susceptibility and disruption of adhesion and mitochondrial pathways.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Paternal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Couples' Pregnancy Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of the Literature.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Living in a chemical cocktail: real-world mixture exposures and their impact on ovarian function.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- The impact of chemical pollution and warming on male fertility: a narrative review by the Special Interest Group "Environment and Fertility" of the Italian Society of Fertility and Sterility and Reproductive Medicine (SIFES-MR).Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Review
- Periconception bisphenol and phthalate concentrations in women and men, time to pregnancy, and risk of miscarriage.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Evaluating associations of bisphenol and phthalate exposure with time to pregnancy and subfecundity in a New York City pregnancy cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Article
- Exposure to di-isononyl phthalate during early pregnancy disrupts decidual angiogenesis and placental development in mice.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Use of Chemical Hair Straighteners and Fecundability in a North American Preconception Cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Multigenerational Effects of an Environmentally Relevant Phthalate Mixture on Reproductive Parameters and Ovarian miRNA Expression in Female Rats.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Article
- Does Older Age Modify Associations between Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Fecundability?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The current situation and future directions for the study on time-to-pregnancy: a scoping review.Reproductive health · 2022Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure reduction through an integrated intervention strategy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- The effects of the phthalate DiNP on reproduction†.Biology of reproduction · 2021Review
- Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate during adulthood disrupts hormones and ovarian folliculogenesis throughout the prime reproductive life of the mouse.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2020Article
- A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures.Toxics · 2019Review
- First Trimester Urinary Bisphenol and Phthalate Concentrations and Time to Pregnancy: A Population-Based Cohort Analysis.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous industrial chemicals that have been associated with altered reproductive function in rodents. Several human studies have reported an inverse association between male testosterone and phthalate levels. Our aim was to investigate time to pregnancy (TTP) according to serum levels of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites in both partners. In 2002-2004 we enrolled 938 pregnant women and 401 male spouses from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine. Six oxidized metabolites of DEHP and DiNP were summarized for each of the two parent compounds to provide proxies of the internal exposure. We used Cox discrete-time models to estimate fecundability ratios (FR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for men and women according to their proxy-DEHP or -DiNP serum levels adjusted for a fixed set of covariates. The FR was slightly elevated among women with high levels of DEHP (FR=1.14, 95% CI 1.00;1.30) suggesting a shorter TTP in these women. The FR was unrelated to DiNP in women, whereas the results for men were inconsistent pointing in opposite directions. First-time pregnant women from Greenland with high serum DiNP levels had a longer TTP. This study spanning large contrast in environmental exposure does not indicate adverse effects of phthalates on couple fecundity. The shorter TTP in women with high levels of DEHP metabolites is unexplained and needs further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.