SynthesisBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2015
Effects of food on pharmacokinetics of immediate release oral formulations of aspirin, dipyrone, paracetamol and NSAIDs - a systematic review.
Synthesis in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain - an overview of Cochrane reviews.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane reviews.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Comparative evaluation of the antipyretic and analgesic efficacy and safety of a fast-release paracetamol 650 mg formulation vs. conventional paracetamol formulations in adults with acute febrile or febrile-pain conditions: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, and food effect assessment of enteric-coated aspirin tablets: a randomized, single-dose, four-period crossover study in Chinese healthy subjects.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics and Safety with Bioequivalence of Ibuprofen Sustained-Release Capsules of Two Formulations, in Chinese Healthy Volunteers: Bioequivalence Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2023Trial
- Pharmacokinetic Properties of Ibuprofen (IBU) From the Fixed-Dose Combination IBU/Caffeine (400/100 mg; FDC) in Comparison With 400 mg IBU as Acid or Lysinate Under Fasted and Fed Conditions-Data From 2 Single-Center, Single-Dose, Randomized Crossover Studies in Healthy Volunteers.Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2019Trial
- In Vivo Dissolution and Systemic Absorption of Immediate Release Ibuprofen in Human Gastrointestinal Tract under Fed and Fasted Conditions.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2017Trial
- A Review of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Food-Producing Animals With a Focus on Potential Applications for Farmed Finfish.Journal of fish diseases · 2026Review
- Spectral, Electrochemical and Molecular Docking Studies Over Effects of Interaction Between Two Different NSAIDs With BSA and DNA Base.Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence · 2026Article
- Advanced oral drug delivery systems: Current challenges and emerging technologies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- TIM-1 and Tiny-TIM as Robust In Vitro Models for Oral Biopharmaceutics: Evidence from an International Ring Study.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Effects of Non-Aspirin Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Choosing a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pain.Australian prescriber · 2025Review
- Consensus on the Use of Mefenamic Acid in Pediatric Practice (MAPP): Perspectives From Indian Pediatricians.Cureus · 2025Review
- Surge DosePharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Drug administration via feeding tubes-a procedure that carries risks: systematic identification of critical factors based on commonly administered drugs in a cohort of stroke patients.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Review
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Administered Intra-Articularly in Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The Use of Population Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate Food Effects from Human Adults and Beagle Dogs to the Pediatric Population Illustrated with Paracetamol as a Test Case.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the perioperative period.BJA education · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsIt is common to advise that analgesics, and especially non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), be taken with food to reduce unwanted gastrointestinal adverse effects. The efficacy of single dose analgesics depends on producing high, early, plasma concentrations; food may interfere with this. This review sought evidence from single dose pharmacokinetic studies on the extent and timing of peak plasma concentrations of analgesic drugs in the fed and fasting states.
methodsA systematic review of comparisons of oral analgesics in fed and fasting states published to October 2014 reporting kinetic parameters of bioavailability, time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax ), and its extent (Cmax ) was conducted. Delayed-release formulations were not included.
resultsBioavailability was not different between fasted and fed states. Food typically delayed absorption for all drugs where the fasting tmax was less than 4 h. For the common analgesics (aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol) fed tmax was 1.30 to 2.80 times longer than fasted tmax . Cmax was typically reduced, with greater reduction seen with more rapid absorption (fed Cmax only 44-85% of the fasted Cmax for aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen and paracetamol).
conclusionThere is evidence that high, early plasma concentrations produces better early pain relief, better overall pain relief, longer lasting pain relief and lower rates of remedication. Taking analgesics with food may make them less effective, resulting in greater population exposure. It may be time to rethink research priorities and advice to professionals, patients and the public.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.