Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25783421›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2015

Socioeconomic status in relation to cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality: a comparison of Asian and Australasian populations in a pooled analysis.

Mark Woodward, Sanne A E Peters, G David Batty, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Jean Woo, Graham G Giles, Federica Barzi, Suzanne C Ho, Rachel R Huxley, Hisatomi Arima and 5 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
49citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  17. Socioeconomic determinants of health, traditional risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes in Australia.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2023
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Education Level and Self-Reported Cardiovascular Disease in Norway-The Tromsø Study, 1994-2016.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Mark WoodwardNuffield Department of Population Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
Sanne A E PetersNuffield Department of Population Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
G David BattyDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Hirotsugu UeshimaDepartment of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
Jean WooFaculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Graham G GilesCancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
Federica BarziThe George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Suzanne C HoDivision of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Rachel R HuxleyFaculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Australia.
Hisatomi ArimaThe George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
Xianghua FangXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bejing, China.
Annette DobsonFaculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Australia.
Tai Hing LamSchool of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Prin VathesatogkitThe George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand.
Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesIn Western countries, lower socioeconomic status is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. These associations may plausibly differ in Asian populations, but data are scarce and direct comparisons between the two regions are lacking. We, thus, aimed to compare such associations between Asian and Western populations in a large collaborative study, using the highest level of education attained as our measure of social status.

settingCohort studies in general populations conducted in Asia or Australasia.

participants303,036 people (71% from Asia) from 24 studies in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Studies had to have a prospective cohort study design, have accumulated at least 5000 person-years of follow-up, recorded date of birth (or age), sex and blood pressure at baseline and date of, or age at, death during follow-up. OUTCOME MEASURES: We used Cox regression models to estimate relationships between educational attainment and CVD (fatal or non-fatal), as well as all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.

resultsDuring more than two million person-years of follow-up, 11,065 deaths (3655 from CVD and 4313 from cancer) and 1809 CVD non-fatal events were recorded. Adjusting for classical CVD risk factors and alcohol drinking, hazard ratios (95% CIs) for primary relative to tertiary education in Asia (Australasia) were 1.81 (1.38, 2.36) (1.10 (0.99, 1.22)) for all-cause mortality, 2.47(1.47, 4.17) (1.24 (1.02, 1.51)) for CVD mortality, 1.66 (1.00, 2.78) (1.01 (0.87, 1.17)) for cancer mortality and 2.09 (1.34, 3.26) (1.23 (1.04, 1.46)) for all CVD.

conclusionsLower educational attainment is associated with a higher risk of CVD or premature mortality in Asia, to a degree exceeding that in the Western populations of Australasia.

Indexed as

Health Status DisparitiesAsiaAustralasiaCardiovascular DiseasesHumansIncidenceProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSocial ClassCARDIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGYPUBLIC HEALTH

Identifiers

PMID25783421
PMCPMC4369004

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.