ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Immunomodulatory spherical nucleic acids.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell and tissue engineering in lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Design strategies for programmable oligonucleotide nanotherapeutics.Drug discovery today · 2020Pooled it
- Phase 1b/2 study evaluating safety, efficacy and immune effects of TLR9 agonist cavrotolimod with anti-PD-1 antibodies among patients with advanced solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Enhancing Enzyme Activity Via Noncovalent Association with DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles.JACS Au · 2026Article
- Metal-Phenolic Coatings Enable Universal Design of Spherical Nucleic Acids.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Using Well-Defined DNA Nanostructures To Study the Influence of DNA Clustering and Presentation on SNA Cellular Uptake.Nano letters · 2026Article
- Nanomedicine in immunotherapy of urinary system tumors: advances, synergistic strategies, and translational challenges.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Spherical Nucleic Acids: Turning Synthetic Advances and Fundamental Discovery into Translational Breakthroughs in Chemistry, Materials Development, Biology, and Medicine.Accounts of chemical research · 2026Article
- Self-Assembling RNA Nanostructures are Highly Sensitive to Environmental Conditions.Journal of molecular biology · 2026Article
- Steering spherical nucleic acids over metabolic organs for improved targeted drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Engineering spherical nucleic acids for precision cancer therapy: design strategies and medical applications.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Bridging miRNA Research with Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: Advances in Delivery Systems and Therapeutic Strategies.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Concerns and challenges in clinics-guided nanovaccines design and applications.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- cGAS-agonistic spherical nucleic acids reprogram the glioblastoma immune microenvironment and promote antitumor immunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Controlling intracellular processing to enhance spherical nucleic acid immune stimulation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Chemotherapeutic Spherical Nucleic Acids.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Structural immunotherapy: Harnessing chemical design to build powerful next-generation therapeutics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Cleavable Hydrophobic Anchors Optimize Immunomodulatory Effects of Oligonucleotides.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immunomodulatory nucleic acids have extraordinary promise for treating disease, yet clinical progress has been limited by a lack of tools to safely increase activity in patients. Immunomodulatory nucleic acids act by agonizing or antagonizing endosomal toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9), proteins involved in innate immune signaling. Immunomodulatory spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) that stimulate (immunostimulatory, IS-SNA) or regulate (immunoregulatory, IR-SNA) immunity by engaging TLRs have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Compared with free oligonucleotides, IS-SNAs exhibit up to 80-fold increases in potency, 700-fold higher antibody titers, 400-fold higher cellular responses to a model antigen, and improved treatment of mice with lymphomas. IR-SNAs exhibit up to eightfold increases in potency and 30% greater reduction in fibrosis score in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Given the clinical potential of SNAs due to their potency, defined chemical nature, and good tolerability, SNAs are attractive new modalities for developing immunotherapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.