ArticleAmerican journal of obstetrics and gynecology2015
Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age.
Article in American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 167 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
167 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 325 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review: Polysubstance Prevalence Estimates Reported during Pregnancy, US, 2009-2020.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Pooled it
- Clinician responses to cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review and integrative mixed-methods research synthesis.Family practice · 2022Pooled it
- Pregnant People's Perspectives On Cannabis Use During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Integrative Mixed-Methods Research Synthesis.Journal of midwifery & women's health · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Cannabis on Female Reproductive Health Across the Life Course.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2021Pooled it
- Perceptions about cannabis use during pregnancy: a rapid best-framework qualitative synthesis.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2021Pooled it
- Totality of the Evidence Suggests Prenatal Cannabis Exposure Does Not Lead to Cognitive Impairments: A Systematic and Critical Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Pooled it
- The Role of Acculturation and Alcohol Problems on Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Latinas at Risk of an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy.Substance use & misuse · 2019Trial
- Risk of neonatal and childhood morbidity among preterm infants exposed to marijuana.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2017Trial
- Prevalence and correlates of a lifetime cannabis use disorder among pregnant former tobacco smokers.Addictive behaviors · 2016Trial
- Attitudes and beliefs regarding cannabis use during pregnancy compared to alcohol and tobacco: a nationwide survey of U.S. women of childbearing age.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Prenatal THC exposure disrupts mitochondrial respiratory gene programs and medium spiny neuron maturation trajectories in the nucleus accumbens.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Prenatal cannabis use is associated with altered miRNA and protein expression in the developing human brain.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Concurrent maternal stress and THC exposure alters maternal regulation and downstream adolescent corticolimbic programs.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations of Low-Level Prenatal Alcohol and Cannabis Exposure With Adolescent Cognitive Trajectories.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- Exploring the Influence of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Women's Perceptions and Experiences with Perinatal Cannabis Use: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Review
- Cannabis Use During Pregnancy Is Associated with the Suppression of Circulating Maternal Cytokines.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Article
- "1, 2, 3, Release": Cannabis Consumption and Mental Health and Well-Being During Pregnancy, Lactation and Parenthood.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
- Investigating Links Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Brain Development Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques: A Narrative Review.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Prevalence and characteristics of prenatal cannabis use in Michigan, USA: A statewide population-based pregnancy cohort.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Observational
- Perspectives of Prenatal Cannabis Use in Young Pregnant Individuals.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
107 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of the study was to provide national prevalence, patterns, and correlates of marijuana use in the past month and past 2-12 months among women of reproductive age by pregnancy status. STUDY
designData from 2007-2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey, identified pregnant (n = 4971) and nonpregnant (n = 88,402) women 18-44 years of age. Women self-reported marijuana use in the past month and past 2-12 months (use in the past year but not in the past month). χ(2) statistics and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using a weighting variable to account for the complex survey design and probability of sampling.
resultsAmong pregnant women and nonpregnant women, respectively, 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-4.7) and 7.6% (95% CI, 7.3-7.9) used marijuana in the past month and 7.0% (95% CI, 6.0-8.2) and 6.4% (95% CI, 6.2-6.6) used in the past 2-12 months. Among past-year marijuana users (n = 17,934), use almost daily was reported by 16.2% of pregnant and 12.8% of nonpregnant women; and 18.1% of pregnant and 11.4% of nonpregnant women met criteria for abuse and/or dependence. Approximately 70% of both pregnant and nonpregnant women believe there is slight or no risk of harm from using marijuana once or twice a week. Smokers of tobacco, alcohol users, and other illicit drug users were 2-3 times more likely to use marijuana in the past year than respective nonusers, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics.
conclusionMore than 1 in 10 pregnant and nonpregnant women reported using marijuana in the past 12 months. A considerable percentage of women who used marijuana in the past year were daily users, met abuse and/or dependence criteria, and were polysubstance users. Comprehensive screening, treatment for use of multiple substances, and additional research and patient education on the possible harms of marijuana use are needed for all women of reproductive age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.