ArticlePloS one2015
Retinal photoreceptor expresses toll-like receptors (TLRs) and elicits innate responses following TLR ligand and bacterial challenge.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resolvin D1 requires TLR2-FPR2 crosstalk for inflammation resolution and protection during ocular bacterial infection.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Atlas-Guided Nanocarrier Strategies Targeting Spatial NTRK2/MAPK Signaling in EGFR-TKI-Resistant Niches of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Metabolomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor From Glaucoma Patients Identifies Metabolites With Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Potential in Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Evidence for Neuroprotective and Axonal Regenerative Activities of Different Inflammatory Cell Types After Optic Nerve Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Predatory bacteria prevent the proliferation of intraocularMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Article
- The RLR intrinsic antiviral system is expressed in neural retina and restricts lentiviral transduction of human Mueller cells.Experimental eye research · 2023Article
- The Host-Pathogen Interplay: A Tale of Two Stories within the Cornea and Posterior Segment.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Essential Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mediating IL-1β Production and the Pathobiology of Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- The immune system as a system of relations.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Bacterial Burden Declines But Neutrophil Infiltration and Ocular Tissue Damage Persist in ExperimentalFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) engages endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1α to regulate retinal innate responses in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2020Article
- Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose suppresses inflammatory response in innate immune cells and experimental staphylococcal endophthalmitis.Experimental eye research · 2020Article
- The cereus matter of Bacillus endophthalmitis.Experimental eye research · 2020Review
- Article
- Tunicamycin-induced photoreceptor atrophy precedes degeneration of retinal capillaries with minimal effects on retinal ganglion and pigment epithelium cells.Experimental eye research · 2019Article
- Pathobiology ofMicroorganisms · 2019Article
- Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) restricts Zika virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells.The ocular surface · 2019Article
- Isavuconazole for Treatment of Experimental Fungal Endophthalmitis Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
- Toll-like receptors 4, 5, 6 and 7 are constitutively expressed in non-human primate retinal neurons.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense against microbial pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that TLRs are expressed on various retinal cells (Microglia and Müller glia) and orchestrate retinal innate responses in bacterial endophthalmitis. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse cone photoreceptor cell line (661W); and demonstrated that these cells express all known TLRs. Although the stimulation of 661W cells with TLR ligands (Pam3Cys, PolyI:C, LPS, Flagellin, Poly DT, and ODN) did not alter TLR expression, downstream TLR-signaling pathways (NF-κB, p38, and ERK) are activated. Moreover, TLR-activated 661W cells secreted significant amounts of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-2, and KC) in their culture supernatant, as assessed by ELISA. A similar trend was observed in 661W cells challenged with live bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Interestingly, the neutralization of TLR2, a major receptor for S. aureus recognition, did not significantly attenuate bacterial-induced inflammatory mediators, suggesting the existence of TLR2-independent mechanisms in photoreceptor cells. Together, these results indicate that photoreceptors constitutively express functional TLRs and possess the ability to initiate innate responses following pathogen challenge, implicating their role in retinal innate immunity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.