ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2015
Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systems analysis reveals differential expression of endocervical genes in African women randomized to DMPA-IM, LNG implant or cu-IUD.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Trial
- Impact of the menstrual cycle and ethinyl estradiol/etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring on granulysin and other mucosal immune mediators.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2021Trial
- Comparison of Female Genital Tract Cytokine and Microbiota Signatures Induced by Initiation of Intramuscular DMPA and NET-EN Hormonal Contraceptives - a Prospective Cohort Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Impact of etonogestrel implant use on T-cell and cytokine profiles in the female genital tract and blood.PloS one · 2020Trial
- Use of contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with impaired cervicovaginal mucosal integrity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Effect of Hormonal Contraceptives on Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation, Chemotaxis, Angiogenesis, and Vascular Stress.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Observational
- Vaginal aging: from concealed symptoms to defined biomarkers.npj aging · 2026Review
- Article
- The effect of norethisterone acetate on the uterine telocytes, immune cells and progesterone receptors in albino rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of NK and T Cells in Endometriosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The effect of Norethisterone acetate on the uterus of albino rats: histological, histochemical and ultrastructure study.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Comparison of the cytokine responses to acute strength exercise between oral contraceptive users and naturally cycling women.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Sex-related immunity: could Toll-like receptors be the answer in acute inflammatory response?Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Update on the Impact of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Vaginal Mucosal Endpoints and Relevance to Sexually Transmitted Infections.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
- Evaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): a prospective cohort study protocol.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Regular Use of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Causes Thinning of the Superficial Lining and Apical Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Target Cells in the Human Ectocervix.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Systems Analysis Reveals Contraceptive-Induced Alteration of Cervicovaginal Gene Expression in a Randomized Trial.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2022Article
- An updated review on the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on the mucosal biology of the female genital tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2021Review
- Toll-Like Receptors Contribute to Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Regulation.Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2020Review
- Plasma concentration of injectable contraceptive correlates with reduced cervicovaginal growth factor expression in South African women.Mucosal immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEpidemiological evidence suggests an association between the use of hormonal contraception and an increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases including HIV-1. We sought to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying the effect of hormonal contraception on the immune system.
designCross-sectional study.
methodsTo delineate the biological mechanisms underlying the effect of hormonal contraceptives on the immune system, we analyzed the functional capacity of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the distribution of vaginal immune cell populations, and the systemic and genital levels of immune mediators in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), NuvaRing, or combined oral contraceptives (COC).
resultsThe use of DMPA or NuvaRing was associated with reduced capacity of circulating pDCs to produce interferon (IFN)-α and tumor necrosis (TNF-α) in response to TLR-9 stimulation. Systemic levels of IFN-α and cervicovaginal fluid levels of IFN-α, CXCL10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor were significantly lower in DMPA users compared to control volunteers not using hormonal contraception. The density of CD207 Langerhans cells in the vaginal epithelium was reduced in NuvaRing and combined oral contraceptive users but not in DMPA users.
conclusionsThe presented evidence suggests that the use of some types of hormonal contraception is associated with reduced functional capacity of circulating pDCs and altered immune environment in the female reproductive tract.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.