ArticleSpringerPlus2015
Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka.
Article in SpringerPlus, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Arsenic in Drinking Water and Human Biomonitoring in Eastern Croatia: An Exploratory Environmental Health Study.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
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- Micronutrients and contaminants in the grazing and agricultural soils of Kashmir Valley, India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tracking the Variations in Trace and Heavy Elements in Smoking Products Marketed in Oman and Egypt: Risk Assessment After Implementation of Constraining Protocols.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Article
- Tampons as a source of exposure to metal(loid)s.Environment international · 2024Article
- Heavy metal association with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in central India-results from a case-control study.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Concentrations of potentially toxic metals and trace elements in pregnant women and association with birth outcomes: A cross-sectional study in Malawi.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER AND URINE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MALIGNANT TUMORS OF URINARY TRACT IN OSIJEK-BARANJA COUNTY, CROATIA.Acta clinica Croatica · 2023Article
- Arsenic Elevated Groundwater Irrigation: Farmers' Perception of Rice and Vegetable Contamination in a Naturally Arsenic Endemic Area.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Multi-element Analysis of Honey from Amhara Region-Ethiopia for Quality, Bioindicator of Environmental Pollution, and Geographical Origin Discrimination.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Two decades of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) research: Existing evidence and persistent gaps from epidemiological studies in Sri Lanka.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2022Review
- Urinary concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were related to renal tubular dysfunction and neuropsychological complaints in Dry-zone of Sri Lanka.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Heavy metal(loid)s and health risk assessment of Dambulla vegetable market in Sri Lanka.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2021Article
- The Tolerance ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
- Treatment failure to sodium stibogluconate in cutaneous leishmaniasis: A challenge to infection control and disease elimination.PloS one · 2021Article
- Dietary exposure assessment of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in market rice from Sri Lanka.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has escalated into an epidemic in North Central Province (NCP) and adjacent farming areas in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Studies have shown that this special type of CKD is a toxic nephropathy and arsenic may play a causative role along with a number of other heavy metals. We investigated the hypothesis that chemical fertilizers and pesticide could be a source of arsenic. 226 samples of Fertilizers and 273 samples of pesticides were collected and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for arsenic and other heavy metals in two university laboratories. Almost all the agrochemicals available to the farmers in the study area are contaminated with arsenic. The highest amount was in triple super phosphate (TSP) with a mean value of 31 mg/kg. Also TSP is a rich source of other nephrotoxic metals including Cr, Co, Ni, Pb and V. Annually more than 0.1 million tons of TSP is imported to Sri Lanka containing approximately 2100 kg of arsenic. The next highest concentration was seen in the rock phosphate obtained from an open pit mine in NCP (8.56 mg/kg). Organic fertilizer contained very low amounts of arsenic. Arsenic contamination in pesticides varied from 0.18 mg/kg to 2.53 mg/kg although arsenic containing pesticides are banned in Sri Lanka. Glyphosate the most widely used pesticide in Sri Lanka contains average of 1.9 mg/kg arsenic. Findings suggest that agrochemicals especially phosphate fertilizers are a major source of inorganic arsenic in CKDu endemic areas. Organic fertilizer available in Sri Lanka is comparatively very low in arsenic and hence the farmers in CKDu endemic areas in Sri Lanka should be encouraged to minimize the use of imported chemical fertilizer and use organic fertilizers instead.
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