ArticleBiophysical journal2015
Measurement of subcellular force generation in neurons.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Feedback-Driven Dynamical Model for Axonal Extension on Parallel Micropatterns.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A simple active fluid model unites cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A simple active fluid model unites cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Biomechanical models and mechanisms of cellular morphogenesis and cerebral cortical expansion and folding.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2023Review
- Axonal plasticity in response to active forces generated through magnetic nano-pulling.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Mathematical models of neuronal growth.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2022Review
- Biomechanical microenvironment in peripheral nerve regeneration: from pathophysiological understanding to tissue engineering development.Theranostics · 2022Review
- Neuromechanobiology: An Expanding Field Driven by the Force of Greater Focus.Advanced healthcare materials · 2021Review
- Manipulation of Axonal Outgrowth via Exogenous Low Forces.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Touch-induced mechanical strain in somatosensory neurons is independent of extracellular matrix mutations inMolecular biology of the cell · 2020Article
- Extremely Low Forces Induce Extreme Axon Growth.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020Article
- Article
- Axonal cytomechanics in neuronal development.Journal of biosciences · 2020Review
- The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology.Neural development · 2019Review
- Mechanotransduction in neuronal cell development and functioning.Biophysical reviews · 2019Review
- Tension- and Adhesion-Regulated Retraction of Injured Axons.Biophysical journal · 2019Article
- Modeling the Axon as an Active Partner with the Growth Cone in Axonal Elongation.Biophysical journal · 2018Article
- Microtubule Polymerization and Cross-Link Dynamics Explain Axonal Stiffness and Damage.Biophysical journal · 2018Article
- An Integrated Cytoskeletal Model of Neurite Outgrowth.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2018Review
- Physical Biology of Axonal Damage.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Forces are important for neuronal outgrowth during the initial wiring of the nervous system and after trauma, yet subcellular force generation over the microtubule-rich region at the rear of the growth cone and along the axon has never, to our knowledge, been directly measured. Because previous studies have indicated microtubule polymerization and the microtubule-associated proteins Kinesin-1 and dynein all generate forces that push microtubules forward, a major question is whether the net forces in these regions are contractile or expansive. A challenge in addressing this is that measuring local subcellular force generation is difficult. Here we develop an analytical mathematical model that describes the relationship between unequal subcellular forces arranged in series within the neuron and the net overall tension measured externally. Using force-calibrated towing needles to measure and apply forces, in combination with docked mitochondria to monitor subcellular strain, we then directly measure force generation over the rear of the growth cone and along the axon of chick sensory neurons. We find the rear of the growth cone generates 2.0 nN of contractile force, the axon generates 0.6 nN of contractile force, and that the net overall tension generated by the neuron is 1.3 nN. This work suggests that the forward bulk flow of the cytoskeletal framework that occurs during axonal elongation and growth-cone pauses arises because strong contractile forces in the rear of the growth cone pull material forward.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.