ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2015
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA population-based case-control study.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research trends in estrogen and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic bibliometric approach.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Joint Tissues: Convergence and Divergence of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association Between the Use of Oral Contraceptives and the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Using machine learning and single nucleotide polymorphisms for improving rheumatoid arthritis risk Prediction in postmenopausal women.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- The Impact of Menopause on Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Helper T cells: A potential target for sex hormones to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis? (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Effects of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Complex role of oestrogens in the risk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis in menopause.RMD open · 2023Article
- Review of mendelian randomization studies on age at natural menopause.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Hormonal and Reproductive Factors in Relation to Cardiovascular Events in Women with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Associations of the MUC5B promoter variant with timing of interstitial lung disease and rheumatoid arthritis onset.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2022Review
- What is the impact of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy in women with medical conditions.Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · 2021Review
- Age at menarche, age at natural menopause, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis - a Mendelian randomization study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2021Article
- Menopausal factors and risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in postmenopausal women: a nationwide cohort study of 1.36 million women.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Environment and Lifestyle: Their Influence on the Risk of RA.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Subsequent Risk for Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2020Article
- Steroid hormone-related polymorphisms associate with the development of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis and help to predict disease progression: Results from the REPAIR consortium.Scientific reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
To study the association between postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMH) use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stratifying the cases by the presence/absence of antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA). A subset of the Epidemiological Investigation of RA (EIRA), a population-based case-control study, comprising postmenopausal women aged 50-70 living in Sweden, between 2006 and 2011 was analysed (523 cases and 1057 controls). All participants answered an extensive questionnaire, including questions regarding PMH use and potential confounders (education, smoking, BMI, oral contraceptives, reproductive factors). We calculated odds ratios (OR) of developing ACPA-positive/-negative RA, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and adjusted for age, residential area and smoking. Current users of PMH had a decreased risk of ACPA-positive RA compared with never users (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-0.9). The decreased risk was observed mainly in the age-group 50-59 years (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8) but not in the age-group 60-70 years (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.4). Among current users of a combined therapy (estrogen plus progestogens) an OR of 0.3 (95% CI 0.1-0.7) of ACPA-positive RA was observed, while no significant association was found among women who used estrogen only (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5-1.6). No association between PMH use and ACPA-negative RA was found. PMH use might reduce the risk of ACPA-positive RA in post-menopausal women over 50 years of age, but not of ACPA-negative RA. The negative influence of this treatment on the risk of other chronic conditions cannot be overlooked.
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Registered trials
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