Trial reportNature2015
Tetanus toxoid and CCL3 improve dendritic cell vaccines in mice and glioblastoma patients.
Trial report in Nature, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00639639 (Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Targeted Against Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme During Recovery From Therapeutic Temozolomide-induced Lymphopenia), which is not on this map. Cited by 328 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Targeted Against Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme During Recovery From Therapeutic Temozolomide-induced Lymphopenia
Who cites it
328 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 514 citations in OpenAlex.
- Personalised therapeutic approaches to glioblastoma: A systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Delayed Effect of Dendritic Cells Vaccination on Survival in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Pooled it
- Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current progress, challenges and future outlook.Expert review of clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Once, Twice, Three Times a Finding: Reproducibility of Dendritic Cell Vaccine Trials Targeting Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2020Trial
- Glioblastoma-mediated Immune Dysfunction Limits CMV-specific T Cells and Therapeutic Responses: Results from a Phase I/II Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2020Trial
- Glioma microenvironment: Cellular crosstalk, immunosuppression, and novel therapeutic perspectives.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Evaluation of methods to increase the expression of cytokine-induced killer cell chemoattractant cytokines in pancreatic cancer.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Could a COVID-19 vaccine improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy?Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Article
- mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy: current progress and perspectives in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.MedScience · 2026Review
- Prognostic Significance and Immune Correlation of CCL3 Expression in Colon Adenocarcinoma: Insights From Multidatabase Analysis.Biochemistry research international · 2026Article
- Biomarkers for predicting and monitoring the efficacy of cancer vaccines.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- An Exploratory Study of the Impact of a CCL21-Derived C-Terminal Peptide on Dendritic Cell Lymph Node Homing.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- The evolution of vaccine strategies for colorectal cancer: from conventional approaches to the mRNA era.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Discovery of tumor antigens in renal cell carcinoma and prospects for clinical application.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- mRNA therapeutics: Transforming medicine through innovation in design, delivery, and disease treatment.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Natural carrier systems in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
268 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
After stimulation, dendritic cells (DCs) mature and migrate to draining lymph nodes to induce immune responses. As such, autologous DCs generated ex vivo have been pulsed with tumour antigens and injected back into patients as immunotherapy. While DC vaccines have shown limited promise in the treatment of patients with advanced cancers including glioblastoma, the factors dictating DC vaccine efficacy remain poorly understood. Here we show that pre-conditioning the vaccine site with a potent recall antigen such as tetanus/diphtheria (Td) toxoid can significantly improve the lymph node homing and efficacy of tumour-antigen-specific DCs. To assess the effect of vaccine site pre-conditioning in humans, we randomized patients with glioblastoma to pre-conditioning with either mature DCs or Td unilaterally before bilateral vaccination with DCs pulsed with Cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) RNA. We and other laboratories have shown that pp65 is expressed in more than 90% of glioblastoma specimens but not in surrounding normal brain, providing an unparalleled opportunity to subvert this viral protein as a tumour-specific target. Patients given Td had enhanced DC migration bilaterally and significantly improved survival. In mice, Td pre-conditioning also enhanced bilateral DC migration and suppressed tumour growth in a manner dependent on the chemokine CCL3. Our clinical studies and corroborating investigations in mice suggest that pre-conditioning with a potent recall antigen may represent a viable strategy to improve anti-tumour immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.