ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2015
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as mucosal adjuvants.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Equine influenza antigen-based particle vaccine protects mice against homologous and heterosubtypic viral challenges.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Multilayer Adjuvanted Influenza Protein Nanoparticles Improve Intranasal Delivery and Antigen-Specific Immunity.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Safety and Biocompatibility of a Spray-Dried Influenza Microparticle Vaccine in Mice.Regenerative engineering and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Advancements in melanoma immunotherapy: the emergence of Extracellular Vesicle Vaccines.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Review
- Recombinant mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 with post-translational modifications boosts IFN-gamma production from BCG-vaccinated individuals' blood cells in combination with CpG-DNA.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immunization with Multiple Virulence Factors Provides Maternal and Neonatal Protection against Group B Streptococcus Serotypes.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- Sustained release of tumor cell lysate and CpG from an injectable, cytotoxic hydrogel for melanoma immunotherapy.Nanoscale advances · 2023Article
- Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 spike-based immunisation adjuvanted with polyethyleneimine elicits mucosal and systemic humoral responses in mice.Journal of immunological methods · 2022Article
- Optimization of whole-cell vaccines with CpG/αOX40/cGAMP to strengthen the anti-tumor response of CD4Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Development and Efficacy Evaluation of a Novel Nano-Emulsion Adjuvant for a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Vaccine Based on Squalane.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A Recombinant Alpha-Like Protein Subunit Vaccine (GBS-NN) Provides Protection in Murine Models of Group B Streptococcus Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- FcRn-Targeted Mucosal Vaccination against Influenza Virus Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Intratracheal inoculation of AHc vaccine induces protection against aerosolized botulinum neurotoxin A challenge in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission.Current immunology reviews · 2019Article
- Application of a novel nanoemulsion adjuvant for rabies vaccine which stabilizes a Krebs cycle intermediate (SDH) in an animal model.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Article
- A CpG-adjuvanted intranasal enterovirus 71 vaccine elicits mucosal and systemic immune responses and protects human SCARB2-transgenic mice against lethal challenge.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Intramuscular primary immunization by nucleic acid vaccine pcDNA/Gpd-IL-2 and enhanced immunization with mucosal adjuvant CpG-ODN and Gpd-IL-2 recombinant protein effectively induced strong mucosal immune responses and immune protective effects againstExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.