Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25751304›Full record

ArticleNature nanotechnology2015

Breaking the depth dependency of phototherapy with Cerenkov radiation and low-radiance-responsive nanophotosensitizers.

Nalinikanth Kotagiri, Gail P Sudlow, Walter J Akers, Samuel Achilefu

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
144citing papers in PubMed
20.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

144 citing papers in PubMed, 395 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Self-illuminating liposome-derivedActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Radiances of Cerenkov-Emitting Radionuclides on the In Vivo Imaging System.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Phototherapy in cancer treatment: strategies and challenges.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Nalinikanth KotagiriDepartment of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.ORCID 0000000300664563
Gail P SudlowDepartment of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Walter J AkersDepartment of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Samuel AchilefuDepartment of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Washington University in St. Louis · US

Funding

Washington University Center for Cellular ImagingP30CA091842 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI TIMOTHY J. EBERLEIN · 2001 to 2026
$128.0M
WU-MDACC Inter-Institutional Molecular Imaging CenterP50CA094056 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI KOPAN, RAPHAEL · 2002 to 2016
$26.3M
Project 2 - Radiation-Induced Treatment of Multiple Myeloma using NanoparticlesU54CA199092 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI ACHILEFU, SAMUEL · 2015 to 2019
$11.5M
DEVELOPMENT OF GOGGLE SYSTEM FOR FLUORESCENCE IMAGE-GUIDED SURGERYR01CA171651 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI ACHILEFU, SAMUEL · 2013 to 2017
$2.8M
NANOPHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR REGENERATIVE PHOTOTHERAPY OF TUMORSR01EB021048 · NIBIB · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI ACHILEFU, SAMUEL · 2015 to 2020
$2.3M
MOLECULAR PROBES AND METHODS FOR FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME TOMOGRAPHY AND MICROSCOPYR01EB008111 · NIBIB · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI ACHILEFU, SAMUEL · 2009 to 2012
$1.9M
IVIS LUMINA II XR FOR OPTICAL IMAGING OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALSS10RR031625 · NCRR · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI TAI, YUAN-CHUAN · 2011 to 2011
$218k
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA091842NCI NIH HHS P50 CA094056NCI NIH HHS R01 CA171651NCI NIH HHS U54 CA199092NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR031625NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB008111NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB021048
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The combination of light and photosensitizers for phototherapeutic interventions, such as photodynamic therapy, has transformed medicine and biology. However, the shallow penetration of light into tissues and the reliance on tissue oxygenation to generate cytotoxic radicals have limited the method to superficial or endoscope-accessible lesions. Here we report a way to overcome these limitations by using Cerenkov radiation from radionuclides to activate an oxygen-independent nanophotosensitizer, titanium dioxide (TiO2). We show that the administration of transferrin-coated TiO2 nanoparticles and clinically used radionuclides in mice and colocalization in tumours results in either complete tumour remission or an increase in their median survival. Histological analysis of tumour sections showed the selective destruction of cancerous cells and high numbers of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, which suggests that both free radicals and the activation of the immune system mediated the destruction. Our results offer a way to harness low-radiance-sensitive nanophotosensitizers to achieve depth-independent Cerenkov-radiation-mediated therapy.

Indexed as

Absorption, RadiationAnimalsCell Line, TumorCell SurvivalElectromagnetic FieldsFemaleHumansMetal NanoparticlesMiceMice, NudeNeoplasms, ExperimentalParticle SizePhotochemotherapyPhotosensitizing AgentsRadiation DosageScattering, RadiationPhotosensitizing AgentsTitaniumtitanium dioxide

Identifiers

PMID25751304
PMCPMC4393353
OpenAlexW2028650845

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.