ArticleJournal of abnormal child psychology2016
Recalled Initiation and Duration of Maternal Breastfeeding Among Children with and Without ADHD in a Well Characterized Case-Control Sample.
Article in Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prenatal, Birth, and Postnatal Factors Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Maternal breastfeeding and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Breastfeeding Experiences of Mother-Infant Dyads and the Effects of an FMR1 Mutation.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Inflammatory Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Diet.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Prenatal maternal stress, breastfeeding and offspring ADHD symptoms.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Oregon ADHD-1000: A new longitudinal data resource enriched for clinical cases and multiple levels of analysis.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Role of Motor Coordination, ADHD-Related Characteristics and Temperament among Mothers and Infants in Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Cohort Prospective Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated with Regional, but Not Global, Differences in White Matter Tracts.Brain sciences · 2019Article
- The Potential Influence of the Bacterial Microbiome on the Development and Progression of ADHD.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Association Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preschool Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2019Article
- The impact of pre- and perinatal factors on psychopathology in adulthood.Journal of affective disorders · 2018Article
- Breastfeeding and externalising problems: a quasi-experimental design with a national cohort.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2018Article
- Validation Study of Maternal Recall on Breastfeeding Duration 6 Years After Childbirth.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2017Article
- Breastfeeding and mental health in adulthood: A birth cohort study in Brazil.Journal of affective disorders · 2016Article
- Diet and special educational needs (SENs) among children and adolescents: a systematic review.Porto biomedical journalReview
- Prenatal cannabis exposure predicts attention problems, without changes on fMRI in adolescents.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Early environmental influences are increasingly of interest in understanding ADHD as a neurodevelopmental condition, particularly in light of recognition that gene by environment interplay are likely involved in this condition. Breastfeeding duration predicts cognitive development, as well as development of brain white matter connectivity, in areas similar to those seen in ADHD. Prior studies show an association between breastfeeding and ADHD but without adequate evaluation of ADHD. A case control cohort of 474 children aged 7-13 years was examined, 291 with well characterized ADHD (71.5 % male) and the rest typically developing controls (51.9 % male). Mothers retrospectively reported on breast feeding initiation and duration. Initiation of breastfeeding was not associated with child ADHD, but shorter duration of breastfeeding was associated with child ADHD with a medium effect size (d = 0.40, p < 0.05); this effect held after covarying a broad set of potential confounders, including child oppositional defiant and conduct problems and including maternal and paternal ADHD symptoms. Effects were replicated across both parent and teacher ratings of child ADHD symptoms. Shorter duration of breastfeeding is among several risk factors in early life associated with future ADHD, or else longer duration is protective. The direction of this effect is unknown, however. It may be that some children are more difficult to breastfeed or that breastfeeding provides nutrients or other benefits that reduce future chance of ADHD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.