Trial reportPloS one2015
Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study.
Trial report in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cryptococcosis-a systematic review to inform the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogens List.Medical mycology · 2024Pooled it
- Association of Diabetes with Meningitis Infection Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Global health, epidemiology and genomics · 2022Pooled it
- Cryptococcal Meningitis: Comparison of Short- (≤ 1 Week) Versus Longer-duration (> 1 Week) Liposomal Amphotericin B Induction Therapy and Factors Associated With Clinical Outcomes in HIV and Non-HIV Patients.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Clinical Phenotypes, Immunosuppressive Exposures, and Outcomes in Pulmonary vs Extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis Among Non-HIV, Non-Transplant Adults: A U.S. Claims Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Rapid, Recurrent Unilateral Pleural Effusion Presenting as Cryptococcus Infection in a Non-immunocompromised Host.Cureus · 2026Article
- Temporal shifts in adaptive immunity drive HIV-associated cryptococcal IRIS: mechanisms, models, and therapeutic opportunities.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of One-Year Mortality in HIV and Non-HIV Patients with Cryptococcal Infections in a Middle-Income Setting: A Multicenter Cohort Study.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Kupffer cells in liver homeostasis and disease: from immune sentinels to metabolic gatekeepers.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Infection in Non-HIV Patients in a Tertiary Care Center in Taiwan.Pulmonary medicine · 2026Review
- Cryptococcus: Emerging host risk factors for infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Invasive fungal infections in patients with liver disease: immunological and clinical considerations for the intensive care unit.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Comparison of mNGS with conventional methods for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Speckled-egg staining appearance of cryptococcal osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient.IDCases · 2025Article
- Disseminated cryptococcosis in an HIV patient with hepatitis C as the associated risk factor.Current medical mycology · 2025Article
- Elements of dissemination in cryptococcosis.mBio · 2024Review
- Unmasking the Unusual: Cryptococcal Pericarditis in a Patient with Liver Failure - a Rare Occurrence.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Transcriptomics Insights into Targeting CK2 Complex inCurrent medical mycology · 2024Article
- Fungal infections in liver cirrhosis.Translational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2024Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental fungus that can cause life-threatening meningitis and fungemia, often in the presence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, or other medical conditions. To distinguish risk factors from comorbidities, we performed a hospital-based, density-sampled, matched case-control study.
methodsAll new-onset cryptococcal meningitis cases and cryptococcemia cases at a university hospital in Taiwan from 2002-2010 were retrospectively identified from the computerized inpatient registry and were included in this study. Controls were selected from those hospitalized patients not experiencing cryptococcal meningitis or cryptococcemia. Controls and cases were matched by admission date, age, and gender. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors.
resultsA total of 101 patients with cryptococcal meningitis (266 controls) and 47 patients with cryptococcemia (188 controls), of whom 32 patients had both cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcemia, were included in this study. Multivariate regression analysis showed that AIDS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 181.4; p < 0.001), decompensated liver cirrhosis (aOR = 8.5; p = 0.008), and cell-mediated immunity (CMI)-suppressive regimens without calcineurin inhibitors (CAs) (aOR = 15.9; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis. Moreover, AIDS (aOR = 216.3, p < 0.001), decompensated liver cirrhosis (aOR = 23.8; p < 0.001), CMI-suppressive regimens without CAs (aOR = 7.3; p = 0.034), and autoimmune diseases (aOR = 9.3; p = 0.038) were independent risk factors for developing cryptococcemia. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus and other medical conditions were not found to be risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis or cryptococcemia.
conclusionsThe findings confirm AIDS, decompensated liver cirrhosis, CMI-suppressive regimens without CAs, and autoimmune diseases are risk factors for invasive C. neoformans diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.